Promoting active learning

1
Government and the Firm
2
Policies towards Monopolies and Oligopolies

• Competition policy in the EU
• EU policy towards restrictive practices
• Article 81
• focus on behaviour (rather than on structures)
• EU policy towards monopolies
• Article 82
• EU policy towards mergers
• 1990 merger control measures
• experience of merger control since 1990
• recent moves on merger control
• Assessing EU policy

3
Policies towards Monopolies and Oligopolies

• UK competition policy
• the OFT and the Competition Commission

4
UK competition legislation
5
Policies towards Monopolies and Oligopolies

• UK competition policy
• the OFT and the Competition Commission
• restrictive practices policy
• Chapter 1 prohibition
• types of anti-competitive behaviour
• powers of the OFT
• monopoly policy
• Chapter 2 prohibition
• market-share criterion
• market contestability
• anti-competitive practices

6
Policies towards Monopolies and Oligopolies

• UK competition policy (cont.)
• merger policy (2002 Enterprise Act)
• role of OFT and Competition Commission
• criteria for judgment
• Assessment of competition policy
• focus on behaviour and its effects rather than on
  market structure
• prohibition of certain practices
• tougher powers to identify secret collusion

7
Policies towards Research and Development

• Importance of RTD to business

8
World top 21 RD spenders (1999)
9
UK top 20 RD spenders (1999)
10
Policies towards Research and Development

• Targets of technology policy
• invention
• innovation
• diffusion
• Technological change and market failure
• RTD free riders
• monopoly power
• duplication
• risk and uncertainty

11
Policies towards Research and Development

• Forms of intervention
• the patent system
• public provision
• RTD subsidies
• co-operative RTD
• diffusion policies
• other policies

12
Gross expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP
13
Gross expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP
UK
14
Gross expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP
Germany
France
UK
15
Gross expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP
USA
Germany
France
UK
16
Gross expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP
Japan
USA
Germany
France
UK
17
Policies towards Research and Development

• Forms of intervention
• the patent system
• public provision
• RTD subsidies
• co-operative RTD
• diffusion policies
• other policies
• Technology policy in the UK and EU

18
Policies towards Research and Development

• Forms of intervention
• the patent system
• public provision
• RTD subsidies
• co-operative RTD
• diffusion policies
• other policies
• Technology policy in the UK and EU
• UK policy

19
Policies towards Research and Development

• Forms of intervention
• the patent system
• public provision
• RTD subsidies
• co-operative RTD
• diffusion policies
• other policies
• Technology policy in the UK and EU
• UK policy
• EU policy

20
Policies towards Training

• Training and economic performance
• labour productivity
• innovation and change
• costs of production
• Training policy
• approaches to training policy
• training polices adopted in specific countries
• USA
• Germany
• France
• UK