Stage 3 Grammar

1
Stage 3 Grammar

• Adjective Agreement Noun Declensions

2
Adjectives

• So far we have paid attention to nouns and verbs.
• Nouns Verbs
• amicus laudat
• atrium intrat
• mater bibit

3
Adjectives

• But we have already seen a few adjectives as
  well. Adjectives are words used to describe
  nouns.
• pavo est optimus!
• coquus est laetus.
• cibus est paratus.

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Adjectives

• Nouns have a gender that never changes if a noun
  is masculine, it is ALWAYS masculine.
• Adjectives, on the other hand, have to agree with
  many different nouns.
• the excellent dinner
• the excellent cook
• the excellent dining room

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Adjectives

• This means that each adjective comes in three
  different forms
• masculine, feminine, and neuter
• laetus, laeta, laetum
• optimus, optima, optimum
• paratus, parata, paratum

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Adjectives

• If the noun being described by the adjective is
  masculine, the adjective also must be masculine.
• If the noun being described is feminine, the
  adjective describing it must be feminine.
• If a noun is neuter, an adjective describing it
  must be neuter.

7
Adjectives

• This is called agreement we say that an
  adjective agrees with its noun in gender in
  other words, it always is the same gender as the
  noun it is describing.

8
Adjective Agreement

• Make the adjective magnus, magna, magnum (big,
  great) agree with the following nouns
• villa triclinium
• mercator canis
• ancilla cubiculum

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Adjectives

• Adjectives agree in gender with the nouns they
  describe but they also agree in case.
• If the noun is in the Nominative case, the
  adjective describing it must be in the Nominative
  case.
• If the noun is in the Accusative case, the
  adjective describing it must be in the Accusative
  case.

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Adjective Agreement

• Make the adjective magnus, magna, magnum (big,
  great) agree with the following nouns
• villam triclinium
• mercatorem canem
• ancillam cubiculum

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By the way

• What is the accusative form of a Neuter noun?
• Nominative Accusative
• triclinium ?
• forum ?
• atrium ?

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By the way

• What is the accusative form of a Neuter noun?
• Nominative Accusative
• triclinium triclinium
• forum forum
• atrium atrium

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Declensions of Nouns

• At this point we have seen that different nouns
  can have different kinds of endings.
• Nouns are categorized into groups of similar
  endings these groups are called declensions, and
  when the nouns ending changes, it is said to
  decline.

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First Declension

• The First Declension consists of nouns with the
  Nominative ending a.
• ancilla taberna
• villa ianua
• cena tunica
• culina toga
• latrina mensa

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First Declension

• The First Declension consists of nouns with the
  Accusative ending am.
• ancillam tabernam
• villam ianuam
• cenam tunicam
• culinam togam
• latrinam mensam

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Second Declension

• The Second Declension consists of nouns with the
  Nominative ending us or um.
• servus triclinium
• dominus atrium
• filius tablinum
• hortus forum
• coquus vinum

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Second Declension

• The Second Declension consists of nouns with the
  Accusative ending um or um.
• servum triclinium
• dominum atrium
• filium tablinum
• hortum forum
• coquum vinum

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Third Declension

• The Third Declension contains nouns with all
  kinds of different endings
• mercator mater
• spectator pater
• canis pavo
• navis Grumio
• senex leo

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Third Declension

• The Third Declension is more regular in its
  Accusative endings.
• mercatorem matrem
• spectator em patrem
• canem pavonem
• navem Grumionem
• senem leonem

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Declension and Gender

• We know that a nouns are usually Feminine,
• that us nouns are usually Masculine,
• and um nouns are always Neuter.

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Declension and Gender

• It is important to remember that Declension and
  Gender are NOT the same thing!
• servus and vinum are both Second Declension
  nouns, but servus is Masculine and vinum is
  Neuter.

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Declension and Gender

• Even weirder
• There are many First Declension nouns, ending in
  a, which are Masculine!
• These nouns usually designate an occupation held
  by men (at least in Roman times).

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Declension and Gender

• agricola, m. farmer
• incola, m. inhabitant
• poeta, m. poet
• nauta, m. sailor
• conviva, m. dinner-guest
• pirata, m. pirate

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Declension and Gender

• How should we make an adjective agree with one of
  these Masculine First Declension nouns?
• the great poet
• poeta (magnus, magna, magnum)

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Declension and Gender

• How should we make an adjective agree with one of
  these Masculine First Declension nouns?
• the great poet
• poeta magnus

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Declension and Gender

• How should we make an adjective agree with one of
  these Masculine First Declension nouns?
• the happy farmer
• poeta magnus
• agricola laetus

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Declension and Gender

• How should we make an adjective agree with one of
  these Masculine First Declension nouns?
• the angry sailor
• poeta magnus
• agricola laetus
• nauta iratus

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Declension and Gender

• You cannot usually guess the gender of Third
  Declension nouns they can be Masculine,
  Feminine, or Neuter, and there is no way to tell.
• clamor flos
• sanguis ordo
• pes mons

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Declension and Gender

• You cannot usually guess the gender of Third
  Declension nouns they can be Masculine,
  Feminine, or Neuter, and there is no way to tell.
• urbs navis
• gens salutatio
• pax nox

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Declension and Gender

• You cannot usually guess the gender of Third
  Declension nouns they can be Masculine,
  Feminine, or Neuter, and there is no way to tell.
• mare limen
• os caput
• plus animal

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Adjective Agreement

• Make the adjective magnus, magna, magnum agree
  with the following nouns
• animal (n.) _____ the big animal
• navis (f.) _____ the big ship
• flos (m.) _____ the big flower
• poeta (m.) _____ the big poet

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Adjective Agreement

• Make the adjective magnus, magna, magnum agree
  with the following nouns
• animal (n.) _____ the big animal
• navem (f.) _____ the big ship
• florem (m.) _____ the big flower
• poetam (m.) _____ the big poet

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Warm-Ups

• Name the Declension and Gender of the following
  nouns
• palla poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictor murus
• venalicius vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• palla poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictor murus
• venalicius vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictor murus
• venalicius vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictor murus
• venalicius vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictorem murus
• venalicius vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poeta
• theatrum urbs
• pictorem murus
• venalicium vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poetam
• theatrum urbs
• pictorem murus
• venalicium vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poetam
• theatrum urbem
• pictorem murus
• venalicium vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poetam
• theatrum urbem
• pictorem murum
• venalicium vallis

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Warm-Ups

• Now make each noun Accusative
• pallam poetam
• theatrum urbem
• pictorem murum
• venalicium vallem

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Prepositional Phrases

• We should be able to recognize Prepositional
  Phrases prepositions are simply small words that
  indicate position, direction, or relationship.
  Some English prepositions are
• in on behind
• before toward beside
• for above near

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Prepositional Phrases

• In Latin, nouns that occur in prepositional
  phrases change their form slightly were not
  going to worry about exactly how right now, but
  you should be aware
• First Declension
• via in via
• villa in villa
• culina in culina

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Prepositional Phrases

• In Latin, nouns that occur in prepositional
  phrases change their form slightly were not
  going to worry about exactly how right now, but
  you should be aware
• Second Declension
• hortus in horto
• atrium in atrio
• forum in foro

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Prepositional Phrases

• In Latin, nouns that occur in prepositional
  phrases change their form slightly were not
  going to worry about exactly how right now, but
  you should be aware
• Third Declension
• mons in monte
• urbs in urbe
• litus in litore

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Prepositional Phrases

• Watch what happens to adjectives inside a
  Prepositional Phrase
• in nave magna (f.)
• in monte magno (m.)
• in atrio magno (n.)

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Fill In The Blank

• circumspectat, exit, iratus, magnus, portat,
  respondet, videt
• A school principal must always be
  _______________ in dealing with complaints from
  the public. Should a campaign be launched against
  the local _______________ arcade, _______________
  store owners may scream to the press, and gleeful
  _______________ from the local newspapers will
  _______________ the event out of all proportion.
  At such times, the harassed principal will
  _______________ by searching for the nearest
  _______________.

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What is the Derivative?

• a country estate
• the ship-sailing branch of the armed forces
• what a baby wears when drinking
• a 'doorkeeper' (now a general custodian)
• the kind of sentence which ends with "!"
• public discussion on matters of common interest
• laughable
• to roll or swell higher like waves or electric
  current

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Inferences

• What kind of building would you enter if you
  visited a taberna in Greece today?
• Such an establishment would support the motto in
  vino (est) veritas. What does that motto mean?
  (veritas truth)

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Words from portat

• Easily carried port----
• A means of carrying from one place to another
  -----port-----
• Carrying a great deal of significance
  --port---
• Furnishing assistance ---port---
• A person who writes accounts of events --port--

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quid significat?

• This sample is taken from the 1904 vintage.
• In front of the tabernacle was the great altar.
• We have almost managed to contain the insurgents,
  general.
• Many great inventors were at first derided for
  their creations.

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quid significat?

• Unfortunately this river is only navigable for
  about twenty miles.
• Benjamin Franklin, in his portraits, has a
  dignified, leonine appearance.
• She was known for her irascible temperament.
• Be a little more circumspect when taking on such
  a sensitive topic!

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Stage 4 Grammar

• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Irregular verb sum, es,
  est Verb Conjugations adsum, absum

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Verb Endings

• So far, all of our verbs have ended with the
  letter t.
• Caecilius vinum bibit.
• Metella pavonem gustat.
• pavo Metellam delectat.

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Verb Endings

• But verbs only end in the letter t when the
  subject of the verb is a he, she, or it.
• vinum bibit. He drinks wine.
• cibum gustat. She tastes the food.
• Metellam delectat. It pleases Metella.

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1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person

• Verbs with he, she, or it as subject are called
  Third Person verbs.
• Verbs with I as the subject are called First
  Person verbs.
• Verbs with you as the subject are called Second
  Person verbs.

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1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person

• First Person I shout
• Second Person you shout
• Third Person he/she/it shouts

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1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person

• First Person clamo
• Second Person clamas
• Third Person clamat

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1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person

• As you can see, Latin verbs change their endings
  depending on who the subject is
• -o I
• -s you
• -t he/she/it

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Pronouns

• Latin does have pronouns but it doesnt need
  them! In Latin you only use the pronouns for
  emphasis.
• ego clamo I am shouting
• tu clamas You are shouting
• ille clamat He is shouting

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Pronouns

• In Latin the sentence makes just as much sense
  without any pronoun at all. You can tell who the
  subject is by the verb ending.
• clamo I am shouting
• clamas You are shouting
• clamat He is shouting

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• laboras
• sedeo
• gustat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• laboras you are working
• sedeo
• gustat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• laboras you are working
• sedeo I am sitting
• gustat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• laboras you are working
• sedeo I am sitting
• gustat he is tasting

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• dormio
• intras
• laudat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• dormio I am sleeping
• intras
• laudat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• dormio I am sleeping
• intras you are entering
• laudat

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• dormio I am sleeping
• intras you are entering
• laudat she is praising

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• exis
• bibit
• respondeo

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• exis you are leaving
• bibit
• respondeo

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• exis you are leaving
• bibit he/she/it is drinking
• respondeo

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Translate

• Try to translate the following verbs with the new
  First and Second Person endings
• exis you are leaving
• bibit he/she/it is drinking
• respondeo I am answering

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Irregular sum, es, est

• We have met one verb that is irregular its form
  changes unpredictably. The verb to be is
  irregular in almost all languages.
• We know the word est is
• est he/she/it is

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Irregular sum, es, est

• The First and Second Person forms of this verb
  are
• ego sum
• tu es
• ille est

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Verb Types

• We mentioned that verbs come in different
  colors each verb ends in a specific vowel that
  never changes.
• Just as nouns come in different types called
  declensions, verbs come in different types called
  conjugations.

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Verb Types

• Look at the way the following verbs behave
• clamo video bibo venio
• clamas vides bibis venis
• clamat videt bibit venit

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Verb Types

• Look at the way the following verbs behave
• 1st Conj
• clamo video bibo venio
• clamas vides bibis venis
• clamat videt bibit venit

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Verb Types

• Look at the way the following verbs behave
• 1st Conj 2nd Conj
• clamo video bibo venio
• clamas vides bibis venis
• clamat videt bibit venit

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Verb Types

• Look at the way the following verbs behave
• 1st Conj 2nd Conj 3rd Conj
• clamo video bibo venio
• clamas vides bibis venis
• clamat videt bibit venit

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Verb Types

• Look at the way the following verbs behave
• 1st Conj 2nd Conj 3rd Conj 4th Conj
• clamo video bibo venio
• clamas vides bibis venis
• clamat videt bibit venit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• laboro
• laboras
• laborat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• sedeo
• sedes
• sedet

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Vocabulary Verbs

• dormio
• dormis
• dormit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• gusto
• gustas
• gustat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• intro
• intras
• intrat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• laudo
• laudas
• laudat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• saluto
• salutas
• salutat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• bibo
• bibis
• bibit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• circumspecto
• circumspectas
• circumspectat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• clamo
• clamas
• clamat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• exspecto
• exspectas
• exspectat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• porto
• portas
• portat

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Vocabulary Verbs

• respondeo
• respondes
• respondet

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Vocabulary Verbs

• rideo
• rides
• ridet

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Vocabulary Verbs

• surgo
• surgis
• surgit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• video
• vides
• videt

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Vocabulary Verbs

• ago
• agis
• agit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• coquo
• coquis
• coquit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• habeo
• habes
• habet

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Vocabulary Verbs

• inquo
• inquis
• inquit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• quaero
• quaeris
• quaerit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• reddo
• reddis
• reddit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• vendo
• vendis
• vendit

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Vocabulary Verbs

• voco
• vocas
• vocat

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adsum and absum

• We just learned the forms of the irregular verb
  sum, es, est.
• There are also many compounds of this verb a
  compound is a verb with a prefix attached.
• Two common compounds of the verb sum are adsum
  and absum

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adsum and absum

• adsum means I am present, and conjugates like
  this
• ego adsum I am present
• tu ades you are present
• ille adest he/she/it is present

110
adsum and absum

• absum means I am absent, and conjugates like
  this
• ego absum I am absent, away
• tu abes you are absent, away
• ille abest he/she/it is absent, away

111
Irregular Verbs

• Notice that the verb sum, es, est (and adsum,
  ades, adest, etc.) are irregular which means
  that they do not belong to a conjugation.

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Translate

• Grumio is cooking food.
• I am cooking a peacock.
• You are cooking dinner.
• You are doing business in the forum.
• Quintus calls (his) angry mother.
• Syphax is selling Melissa.
• I have a large ship.

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Fill in the Blank

• agit, ego, negotium, quaerit, satis
• The veteran actor was not _____ with the progress
  of his career. For months, no directors had
  called to _____ about his services. "I'm a better
  actor than those other slobs!" he roared, in a
  fit of _____ fury. Then he fired the _____ he had
  hired to _____ new contracts on his behalf, and
  began a new career as a tightrope walker.

114
Matching

• A B
• ceracious devise
• impecunious dishonest
• mendacious waxy
• concoct return
• render broke

115
Matching

• A B
• vocation biased
• prejudiced seller
• vendor work together
• interact meaning
• signification calling

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Inferences

• What kind of ring has a "sign" or "seal" on it?
• What is a dangerous and heroic search for
  something very important?
• Who would be on a special judicial committee?
• What do psychologists call the dominant part of
  your personality?
• If you call someone forth (cf. pro-), as if to
  fight them, you _________________ them.

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quis sum?
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quis sum?
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quis sum?
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quis sum?
121
quis sum?
122
quis sum?
123
quis sum?
124
quis sum?
125
quis sum?
126
quis sum?
127
quis sum?
128
quis sum?
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