Wind Power

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Wind Power
Jim Coate NOFA 2005
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Its electric!
www.eeevee.com
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Green Energy Sources

• Hydro - low cost, very site dependant
• Biomass Land Fill gas - special applications
  locations
• Wind - moderate cost, site predictions require
  testing to confirm
• Solar (PV) - most expensive, works almost anywhere

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Make your own power ...
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... or buy it.
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Worldwide Wind Growth
1. Germany 8754 MW 2. U.S. 4260 MW 3. Spain
3195 MW 4. Denmark 2492 MW 5. India 1507 MW
Source AWEAs Global Market Report
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Wind Use in NOFA States
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WattsKWMW
KWHMWH
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• 500 KWH average monthly US home usage
• One MW of wind capacity is enough to supply 240
  to 300 average American homes

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Swept Area Power

• Power directly related to area swept by the
  blades
• Area goes up as the square of the blade radius
• Double the blade length, 4 times the power

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Wind Speed Power

• Power exponentially related to the speed
• Double the wind speed, 8 times the power
• The average of the cubes is greater than the
  cube of the average (Joel Park)

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Tower Height Matters

• Wind speed increases with height
• Small increases in wind speed result in large
  increases in power
• Tall towers often needed for clearance above
  obstacles (turbulence)
• May require a variance or a special use permit

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Height or Distance Needed
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Small wind South West AirX 400 Watt
(above) and Bergey 10 KW (left)
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How Small Wind Turbines Work

Wind Turbine (400 W-100 kW)

Guyed or Tilt-Up Tower (60-120 ft)
Cumulative Production Meter
Safety Switch
AC Load Center
Power Processing Unit (Inverter)
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Installing your own

• Site analysis
• Load analysis, on-grid or off- grid
• Net metering laws
• Approximate costs
• What your neighbors may think zoning/building
  department issues

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Connecting to the Grid

• Utilities are required to connect with and
  purchase power from small wind systems
• Reduce consumption of utility-supplied
  electricity
• Utility acts as a big battery bank
• Contact individual utility before connecting to
  its lines

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Tower Types

• guyed lattice tower, requires crane, lowest cost
• Tilt-up lattice towers, for sites without crane
  access.
• Non-guyed lattice type towers
• Non-guyed monopoles (tapered tubular) towers,
  requires deepest footing

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Programs and Policies that Support Small Wind

• Personal or corporate tax incentives
• Rebates or grant programs
• Sales tax exemptions
• Property tax exemptions
• Net metering policies

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Sample Costs - Home Sizes

• 0.4 KW, DIY, barn roof (or sailboat) mounted,
  battery charging uses 1,000
• 1 KW, installed, tilt-up tower guy wires,
  grid-tied 10,000 (or 5,000 with rebates)
• 10 KW, installed, crane lifted, solid tower,
  grid-tied 50,000 (or 25,000 w/ rebates)
• -gt 5,000 - 10,000 per installed KW

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Boston IBEW 100 KW Turbine
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Hull 660 KW Turbine
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Middelgrunden Wind Park off Copenhagen, Denmark.
20 _at_2MW 40MW rated in shallow water 10-25 feet
deep, produces 89 millions KWH per year
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The Biggest ... So Far

• 5 MW (now in construction)
• 600 tower
• 200 blade diameter
• Germany
• Off-shore foundation
• Washington monument 550, Eiffel tower 1000

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What if it falls down???
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3 birds/year?
Falling ice?
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West Virginia
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• Winthrop Wind Turbine Committee Activities
• Formed September 2003
• Seeking potential sites for permanent turbines
  and potential sites for temporary test sites
• Working with Massachusetts Technology
  Collaborative Renewable Energy Trust Fund Green
  Power Program to learn what services they will
  provide the town, including site reviews
  testing and economic analysis
• Forum at Town Hall held February 2004 (on WCAT)
• Mass Energy Green Energy Boat Cruise
• April 2004 - viewed Hull turbine from the water

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Siting Considerations

• Urban area, so limited land space
• No wind farms but rather individual turbines
• Test tower (150) actually requires much larger
  land area than actual tower (250)
• Need test data for 1 year to complete economic
  analysis

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How much power?

• Hull 660 KW turbine produces 1.5 million KWH per
  year
• Winthrop used 68 million KWH in 2002 (approx.
  6100 KWH per house)
• One turbine would power 245 houses
• 45 turbines would power entire town
• (although no room for a wind farm)

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Other Questions

• Modern turbines not audible from a few hundred
  feet away
• A new turbine recovers embodied energy in first 3
  months of operation
• Tubular towers rather than lattice towers provide
  no place for birds to roost

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Sample Costs - Commercial Sizes

• 250 KW, Fuhrlander turbine, 97 rotor diameter,
  140 tower 1 Million -gt 3,900 per KW
• 1500 KW, GE turbine, 210 rotor diameter, 210
  tower 2.2 Million -gt 1,500 per KW
• Wind farm, multiple turbines each gt 1000 KW each
  -gt 1,000 per KW on average

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Renewable Energy Credits

• Wind RECS now purchased for approx. 35/MWH (
  3.5 cents/KWH)
• New England Wind sells blocks of 500 kWh for 25
  per block ( 5 cents/KWH)

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Buying Wind Credits

• New England Wind (Mass Energy)
• New Wind Energy
• Sterling Planet
• Contact your utility for specific options
• (and think about what you want to support...)

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Energy Diversity!
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Jim Coate 385 Punsit Rd. Chatham, NY
12037 617-539-0906 jbc_at_coate.org www.eeevee.com