social development

1
social development
topics to be covered
theoretical perspectives
biological theories cultural theories cognitive
theories
social development in
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood
caregiver attachment cross-cultural issues
independent identity sexual explorations
caregiver interactions functions of play gender
differences
love and family employment growing old
2
theoretical perspectives
biological theories
tend to emphasize underlying similarities among
all humans
instinct/drive theories
ethological or evolutionary theories
eriksons theory of life stages

• freudian basis
• sexual/aggressive drives
• development process of learning to
  channel/control drives
• critical period 0 6

• species universal behaviors
• survival value
• bowlby
• attachment
• fears
• lorenz
• imprinting

• freudian but focused on
• social drives to
• develop social ties
• be useful to society
• psychosocial stages
• each with its crisis
• valenced outcomes

3
theoretical perspectives
biological theories
basic trust vs mistrust
0 to 1
eriksons theory of life stages
autonomy vs shame/doubt
1 to 3
initiative vs guilt
3 to 5
industry vs inferiority
5 to 12

• freudian but focused on
• social drives to
• develop social ties
• be useful to society
• psychosocial stages
• each with its crisis
• valenced outcomes

identity vs identity confusion
adoles
intimacy vs isolation
adult 1
generativity vs stagnation
adult 2
integrity vs despair
adult 3
4
theoretical perspectives
cultural theories
human development adapting to social
customs/economic conditions tend to focus on
cross-cultural differences
industry vs inferiority
5 to 12
beginning of grade school
identity vs identity confusion
adoles
career choices
intimacy vs isolation
adult 1
relationships
generativity vs stagnation
adult 2
children/families
integrity vs despair
adult 3
retirement
5
theoretical perspectives
cultural theories
cultural
social
interrelations among
immediate
child
environment
environments
context
context
6
theoretical perspectives
cognitive theories
cultural
social
interrelations among
immediate
child
environment
environments
context
context
7
social development in infancy
attachment

• attachment emotional bond b/w infant caregiver
• roots
• freud associated with basic need satisfaction
• criticisms
• predisposition to social satisfaction
• harry harlowe contact comfort
• bowlby
• innate biological phenomenon survival value
• strongest 8 mths 3 years
• positive facets
• enjoyment, comfort, actively seeks out parents
• negative facets
• built in fear of unknown

8
social development in infancy
attachment style

• patterns of attachment
• 0 to 6 months substitutes are acceptable
• 6 to 8 months separation anxiety appears
• cross-cultural stability
• assessment of attachment style
• strange-situation (ainsworth)
• patterns of attachment
• securely attached
• insecure attachment
• avoidant
• anxious resistant

9
social development in infancy
attachment effects

• effects of the mother-child relationship
• early attachment and later personality
• fathers strange-situation (ainsworth)
• attachment differences
• to mothers
• to fathers
• effects of early maternal separation?
• socially
• legally
• educationally

10
social development in infancy
NO attachment ??

• orphanages/other inadequate institutions?
• research on motherless monkeys
• applicability to humans?
• infants raised in orphanages
• social/emotional repercussions
• permanence of effects?
• freud
• animal research
• human research
• reassessing the role of early experience

11
social development in childhood
socialization
process by which children learn the thought
behavior patterns characteristic of their society

• cultural influences
• cross-cultural similarities
• cross-cultural differences
• within-culture variability
• middle-class versus lower class families
• mechanisms of socialization
• reinforcement theory
• social learning theory
• cognitive developmental theory

12
social development in childhood
socialization

• agents of socialization
• parents and parenting styles
• autocratic
• permissive
• authoritative-reciprocal
• parenting style effects on children
• autocratically raised
• permissively raised
• authoritative-reciprocally raised
• long term effects of parenting style
• nature of the socialization process
• temperament and parenting styles

13
social development in childhood
play

• peer relationships critical for healthy
  development
• the model for later relationships
• centered around play
• rough and tumble play
• constructive play
• socio-dramatic play
• formal games
• 0 to 1 limited to one overture/response
• 1 to 3 increased play interactions
• 3 to 9 increased sharing of thoughts/feelings
  information exchange establishing common
  ground conflict resolution positive
  reciprocity self-disclosure

14
social development in childhood
gender

• gender versus sex differences
• sex clear cut biological basis for
  categorization
• gender entire set of differences attributed
• differential treatment
• imposed by adults
• warmth versus self-reliance
• imposed by children
• recognition of gender identity