Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus
Devin Aikins
2
Diabetes Mellitus

• When the body does not properly produce or
  utilize insulin the result is high blood sugar.
  This is the life-long disease known as Diabetes.

Insulin is produced by the Pancreas.
Source MEDLINEplus American Diabetes
Association
3
Diabetes Mellitus
Approximately 17 Million people in the United
States have Diabetes. 35-40 of these people do
not know they have the disease.
Source American Diabetes Association
4
Diabetes MellitusHistory and Background

• 1552 B.C. - Earliest known record of diabetes
• 230 B.C. - The term diabetes is coined.
• 16th Century - Diabetes is acknowledged as a
  serious medical disorder.
• Early 19th Century Chemical tests developed to
  indicate and measure the presence of sugar in the
  urine.
• 1813-1878 Claude Bernard researches pancreas
  and liver metabolism.
• 1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best
  discover insulin is secreted from the pancreas.
• 1922 James Haven becomes the first American
  successfully treated with insulin.
• 1922 Eli Lilly and Co. and the University of
  Toronto do a deal for mass production of insulin
  in North America.

Source American Diabetes Association Canadian
Diabetes Association
5
Diabetes MellitusHistory and Background

• 1940s A link is made between Diabetes and
  long-term complications.
• 1944 The standard insulin syringe is developed.
• 1955 Oral drugs are introduced to help lower
  blood glucose levels.
• 1959 Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes are recognized.
• 1983 First biosynthetic human insulin is
  introduced.

Source American Diabetes Association Canadian
Diabetes Association
6
Diabetes MellitusTypes/Causes

• Type 1
• Diagnosed in childhood.
• The body makes little or no insulin.
• Represents 10 to 15 of all cases of Diabetes
• Type 2
• Usually occurs in adulthood.
• The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep
  blood glucose levels normal.
• Represents 90 of all cases of Diabetes
• Gestational Diabetes
• High blood glucose during pregnancy.

Source Merck Manual American Diabetes
Association
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Diabetes MellitusSymptoms

• Type 1
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Increased appetite
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting

• Type 2
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Increased appetite
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing infections

Source Merck Manual American Diabetes
Association
8
Diabetes MellitusDiagnosis

• Type 1 DM is usually diagnosed under extreme
  conditions.
• The symptoms for Type 1 DM usually develop over a
  short confined period of time.
• Type 2 DM symptoms develop over a long period of
  time.
• Type 2 DM symptoms tend to be less severe than
  Type 1 DM
• Type 2 is normally diagnosed during a routine
  medical physical.
• Typically urinalysis, glucose tolerance tests and
  blood glucose level tests are used to support the
  initial diagnosis.

Source Merck Manual Geriatrics
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Diabetes MellitusTreatment

• NO CURE!
• Relieve symptoms.
• Maintain quality of life.
• Prevent further complications.

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Diabetes MellitusTreatment

• Type 1 DM is usually treated with insulin
  injections and proper diet.

Source American Diabetes Association MEDLINEpl
us
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Diabetes MellitusTreatment
Diet
Source MEDLINEplus
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Diabetes MellitusTreatment

• Type 2 DM is also treated with diet and oral
  medications. Insulin shots are also used to
  maintain the proper blood sugar levels when
  needed.

Source Merck Manual
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Diabetes MellitusTreatment

• Education Essential to the treatment plan
• Be able to recognize when they should seek proper
  medical attention.
• Understand the blood glucose test.
• Know how to adjust medication appropriately.
• Know how to select the proper foods for the diet.
• Exercise Essential to the treatment plan
• Helps with weight control.
• Helps control high blood pressure.
• Minimizes long term effects of the disease.

Source Merck Manual Physician Sports Medicine
14
Diabetes MellitusComplications

• Diabetes has long term medical and physical
  effects on the patient.
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Kidney failure
• Impaired vision and blindness
• Nervous system complications
• Amputation

Source American Diabetes Association Merck
Manual
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Diabetes MellitusPatient Lifestyle

• Awareness.
• A healthy lifestyle is key to maintaining the
  health of the diabetic.
• Eating well balanced meals helps control the
  blood glucose levels. The diabetic must choose
  foods carefully and wisely.
• Maintain proper body weight.
• Reduce stress.
• Exercise.
• Take good care of the body.
• Medications.
• Consult regularly with physician.

Source American Diabetes Association Merck
Manual
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References

• Berkow, Robert. Disorders of Carbohydrate
  Metabolism. Merck Manual. 1997 ed
• Strano-Paul, Lisa and Donna Phanumas. Diabetes
  Management. Geriatrics Apr 2000 Vol 55 Issue 4
  p57
• Christie Jr., Donald and Ian Shrier. Lifestyle
  Change Tops Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes. Physician
  and Sports Medicine Aug 2002 Vol 30 Issue 8
• Touchette, PhD, Nancy. The Diabetes Problem
  Solver. American Diabetes Association, Alexandria
  Virginia. 1999.
• American Diabetes Association. http//www.diabetes
  .org. Online. 5 Sept, 18 Sept 2002.
• Diabetes. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia.
  http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus. Online5 Sept,
  2002
• About Diabetes. Canadian Diabetes Association.
  http//www.diabetes.ca. Online 10 Sept 2002.