Historical look at Apprenticeship Programs

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Historical look at Apprenticeship Programs

• VOED 6513 History and Principles of Vocational
  Education
• Instructor David Agnew

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What is an Apprenticeship?

• Form of instruction in which a novice learns from
  a master of a craft or art
• Purpose was to provide a type of education in
  exchange for work.
• Oldest Type of Vo Ed.
• Involved a formal binding agreement that required
  the employer to provide formal training in return
  for work

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Apprenticeship

• Craft guilds of the 7th and 8th centuries of
  western Europe formalized the apprenticeship
  program.
• Retained control until the late 16th century
• Until the late 19th century apprenticeship was
  the only means for people to acquire skills for
  most occupations.
• Reference Electric Library The 1998 Canadian
  Encyclopedia

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What is an Apprentice?

• Text book ----

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Five basic elements provided by the
apprenticeship arrangement

• Food, clothing, and shelter
• Religious instruction
• Reading and writing
• Skill training
• Mysteries of the trade

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Apprenticeship vs Indenture

• The apprenticeship system came with the colonist
• Shortage of laborers in New world
• Surplus population in England
• Indentures were common
• Slavery lead to the decline of indentured servants

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1757 Brickmakers Apprentice
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1757 Brickmakers Apprentice

• (Colonial Massachusetts) Partly printed document
  signed, 1 page, folio, dated Feb 28, 1757,
  Massachusetts. Agreement for a brickmaker's
  apprenticeship. John Bishop of Medford
  Massachusetts agrees to teach Daniel McCarthy the
  art of brickmaking. In part, "...herunto
  subscribed Select Men of the town of Medford.
  .Daniel McCarthy natura son of Capt Daniel
  McCarthy to be an Apprentice...

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Continued...

• to serve from the day of ..and during the term
  of one year and nine months to be
  compleat..faithfully shall serve (his
  master), his secrets keep, his lawful commands
  gladly every where obey..shall not waste the
  Masters goods, shall not commit fornification,
  nor contract matrimony...nor haunt alehouses,
  Taverns, or Play-houses.. and (the master)
  promise to teach, and instruct..reading
  writing.. .finding unto the said apprentice good
  sufficient meat, drink, apparall, lodging..."
  Witnessed by "Stephen Willis" and "Simon Tufts".
  Signed by both parties to the contract.

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English Statue of Artifices 1562

• This identified the difference in Servitude and
  Apprenticeships
• Training in the trades
• Education
• Instruction in sound ethics
• Transferred from a local to national system

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English Poor Law of 1601

• Purpose was to help equip children of the poor
  with skills
• Church wards and overseers could place children
  of the poor in with an acceptable master until
• Females were 21
• Males were 24

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Kinds of Apprenticeships

• Cobbler
• Silversmith
• smith
• wright
• Tanner
• Printer

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German city to city Journeyman Apprentice book
1859-1861

• The person's last name was Wolf. 64 pages.
  Measures 3 7/8" x 6 1/2". All text writing is
  in German. The first 7 pages have text info on
  the owner, pages 8-28 have entries from cities
  dated 1859-1861. The Wanderbuch was used by
  Journeymen Apprentices to record their travels.
  As part of their apprenticeship journeymen
  were required to travel around the countryside
  learning their craft. The ink stamps in the
  Wanderbuch are from the cities he worked in. They
  had to stay at least 35 km away from their homes
  during this period.

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Albert Durer Visiting Hans Sachs From The
Original Painting Richard Gross. Hans Sachs,

• The Cobbler who was a son of a Nuremberg Barber
  or some say Tailor, he was born in 1494.
  Apprenticed to a shoemaker he found time to
  study Poetry. On finishing his apprenticeship he
  visited the guilds of Meistersingers in the
  different cities.

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Reasons for decline in America?

• Rise of education--Free public schools
• Industrial revolution
• Small scattered to Centralized industry
• Task specific training
• Over population of apprentices in trades
• Indenture laws were less effective in control

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Apprenticeships in 20th Century

• 1937 -- Fitzgerald Act -- National Apprenticeship
  Act
• Secretary of Labor established standards
• Recommendations of Inter. Labor Org.
• BLS
• Two types
• Youth
• Adults

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Apprenticeship CertificateErie Railroad, June
1925 for a journeyman of the machinist trade
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National Apprenticeship Act
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U.S. Presidents had Apprenticeship

• Author Olivia Coolidge, pub. by Scribners,
  1974. 242 pages. This book covers Lincoln's life
  from Childhood up to his first inauguration. A
  good, easy to read yet well researched and
  written biography of Lincoln's pre-presidential
  days.

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Apprenticeship

• Apprenticeships continue today
• Adult
• Youth
• State Level
• National Level

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Apprenticeship

• Organizations
• Local
• Executive Director, Occupational Information
  Coordinating Council/Employment Security
  Division, Employment and Training Services, P.O.
  Box 2981, Little Rock AR 72203.
  Phone [phone]

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Apprenticeships, organizations con

• National
• Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, U.S.
  Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Ave. NW.,
  Room N-4649, Washington DC 20210.
  Phone [phone]
• International Union of Bricklayers and Allied
  Craftsmen, International Masonry Institute
  Apprenticeship and Training, 823 15th St. NW.,
  Suite 1001, Washington, DC 20005

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Apprenticeship

• Adult apprenticeship programs
• Electrician 4-to-5 year program.
• Stonemasons and bricklayers.

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Apprenticeship

• Youth Programs
• Workforce Preparation
• Youth Internship/Apprenticeship Program
• School-To-Work

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Apprenticeship

• School-to-Work
• a law providing money to state and local
  organizations and business
• purpose is to prepare youth for the high wage,
  high skill careers of todays and tomorrows
  global economy.

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Apprenticeship

• Workforce Preparation
• Division of the National 4H Council contributes a
  program that prepares young people for an
  employable future
• The Youth Internship/Apprenticeship Program
• Program offered through Workforce Preparation.
• Provides immediate practical application of
  skills learned in the classroom.

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1992? Voc Ed Journal Article