Chapter 4 Low Incidence Exceptionalities,

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Chapter 4 Low Incidence Exceptionalities,

• Physical Exceptionalities and Chronic Health
  Conditions

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Low Incidence Exceptionalities

• Severe developmental disabilities Severe
  limitation in both intellectual functioning and
  adaptive behavior
• Focus is on individuals need for support to
  function in the Community

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Autism

• Impairments in verbal and non verbal
  communication and reciprocal social interaction,
• Repetitive pattern of behavior
• Intellectual Disability

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AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

• Characteristics
• Impairments in verbal and non verbal
  communication
• Impairments in reciprocal social relationships
• Impairments in imaginative creativity
• Restricted, repetitive and stereotypic patterns
  of behavior and interests
• Language often shows perseveration on one topic
  or echolalia (repeated vocalizations made by
  another person)

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Distinctive behaviors

• Restricted range of interests and a preoccupation
  with one specific interest or object
• Inflexible adherence to non-functional routine
• Stereotypic and repetitive motor mannerisms, such
  as hand flapping , finger licking , rocking,
  spinning objects
• Pre-occupation with parts of objects

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Implications for learning and teaching

• Depending on the severity student will likely
  have an aide in the classroom full or part time
• Working with student to have them learn to face U
  when you are teaching
• Focus on what is being said
• May have to repeat instructions
• Utilize visual aids
• Accept limited verbal attempts and non verbal
  communication

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ASD

• Important to encourage social interaction
• Immediate intervention with self abusive or
  acting out behaviors
• Striking/ hitting other students or U , biting ,
  spitting

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Asperger Syndrome

• Severe and sustained impairment in social
  interactions and development of restricted,
  repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests

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Asperger Syndrome

• Severe and sustained impairment in social
  interactions and development of restricted,
  repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests

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Hard of hearing and deaf

• Hearing that has significantly affected
  development of speech and or language
• Results in the need to adapt learning strategies

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Visual Impairment

• Blind or partially sighted who need adaptation to
  learn through channels other than visual

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Physical Disabilities and other Chronic Medical
Conditions

• Cerebral Palsy Disorders affecting body
  movement and muscle coordination
• Etiology neurological damage during early
  months of pregnancy

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Spina Bifida

• Neural tube defect that occurs during the first
  month of pregnancy
• Results in improper development of spinal cord
  and vertebrae

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Epilepsy

• Neurological disorder involving sudden electrical
  outbursts in the brain
• Tourette syndrome Neurological disorder
  characterized by tics involuntary vocalizations
  and movement

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Neurological deficits

• Brain injury with either unknown etiology or may
  be caused by variety of factors
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - (FAS/FAE)
  Neurological disorder caused by prenatal exposure
  to Alcohol

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Musculoskeletal Conditions

• Muscular Dystrophy Genetically based muscle
  disorders that result in progressive muscle
  weakness
• Juvenile Arthritis Continuous inflammation of
  joints in young people under 16

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Chronic Health Impairments

• Diabetes Condition in which the body does not
  make enough insulin and has problems absorbing
  and storing sugars
• Allergies Sensitivity or abnormal immune
  response to normal substances peanuts, shell
  fish,

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Asthma

• Chronic lung condition- characterized by
  difficulty breathing
• Exacerbated by strenuous exercise
• Cystic Fibrosis Genetic disorder affecting
  lungs and digestive system
• HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus /
  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• A virus causing illness resulting in breakdown of
  immune system

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Severe Development Disabilities

• USA American Association on Mental Retardation
  Dimensions
• Intellectual abilities
• Adaptive behavior
• Participation , interaction and social relations
• Health
• Environmental context
• Age of Onset

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Canada

• Intellectual or Cognitive disabilities
• 1 per 1000 populations
• Wide range of abilities and needs
• Etiology - most of often genetic, however
  teratogens also may be involved ie. Trauma /
  exposure during pregnancy

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IEP s - Content

• Intellectual , cognitive or adaptive behavior
  skills issues with respect to attention, short
  term memory. Severity of language
  delays/development
• Adaptive behaviors ability to perform day to
  day living skills
• Psychological , emotional and social
  considerations Frustration tolerance,
  interpersonal skill development maybe quite
  difficult
• Physical and Health Conditions Relevant medical
  issues
• Environmental conditions Specialized
  technologies, wheel chair accessibility

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Modifying and Adaptation of Curriculum and
Classroom

• CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT
• Situated in class where limited distractions,
  able to work with aide easily
• Wheel chair accessible
• Lap top availability

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Modifying Curriculum

• Curriculum - Look to the IEP
• Goals Functional curriculum
• development of life skills
• Development of community based skills

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IEP Academic Program Modifications

• IEP likely includes modified academic program
• Functional academic skills
• Physical development and personal care
• Social skills
• Community skills
• Career development

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Autism Spectrum Disorders

• Common areas of impairment
• Communication skills
• Social interactions/ interpersonal relationship
  issues
• Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors
• 3 10 out of 10,000 births
• More males than females

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Autism Distinctive behaviors

• Perseveration /Echolalia language difficulties
  50 never develop functional expressive
  language skills
• Difficulty coping with change in a routine, lack
  of flexibility
• Stereotypic and repetitive motor mannerisms
  hand flapping, rocking , spinning,
• Impairment in reciprocal social interactions
  i.e. do not make eye contact , difficulty in
  responding to instructions

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ADAPTATIONS

• Visual reinforcers used regularly
• Make contact through directly facing the student
• Structure and predictability important
• Reduce distractions, auditory stimulation

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HARD OF HEARING / DEAF

• Range of hearing impairment
• Dependent upon the decibel level the person can
  hear
• Primary impairment unable to utilize hearing as
  the main channel for learning without assistance
• Language development is also often delayed

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How language is taught? School Placement

• Auditory verbal use of residual hearing to
  learn spoken language use of hearing aids
  /Frequency modulation Regular classroom
• Auditory Oral Use of residual hearing to learn
  spoken language as well as speech and reading
  (visual) and hearing aid
• Regular classroom

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Hard of Hearing / Deaf

• Cued Speech Use of hand shapes in four
  locations near the face to give phonemic cues
  School for deaf children and then regular class
  with interpreter
• ASL Completely visual system of learning
  language
• Congregated school for death children
• Regular class with interpreter

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Vision Disabilities and Blindness

• www.prcvi.org adaptive technologies, books on
  tape
• Students who require adapted teaching with
  correction visually disabled
• IEP should identify , level of impairment and
  what is required
• Do they need a vision teacher paraeducator/resourc
  e teacher

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Visual impairment

• For those who do not process information
  visually- give instructions/directions verbally
  as well as visually
• Partial vision large font on your computer,
  zeroxing over sized, contrast colors
• Classroom organized to ensure that paths not
  blocked to door way, black board
• Three dimensional maps, voice activated word
  programs

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Physical Disabilities and Chronic Medical
Conditions

• CNS Impairment
• Cerebral Palsy - Severity Varies
• Muscle tightness or spasm
• Involuntary Movement
• Gross motor walking or running
• Fine Motor writing, speaking
• Abnormal perception and sensation
• Developmental delays, learning disabilities,
  hearing or vision impairment

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Spina Bifida

• Vertebrae or spinal cord fail to develop properly
  paralysis of lower limbs
• Hydrocephalus accumulation of fluid in the
  brain ,shunt likely
• EPILEPSY Neurological disorder
• Partial and generalized seizure activity

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Epilepsy

• Partial seizures inappropriate movements,
  strange sensations- smells, sounds, Confusion
• Generalized Simple absence and Tonic Clonic
• Simple Absence Petit Mal short day
  dream/stare Andromeda Strain Triggered by
  blinking light

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Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal)

• Fall to the floor, muscles stiffen, jerk
  rhythmically
• Assist the student to become comfortable,
  disoriented
• Place blanket , pillow under the head
• Turn on their side, allow saliva to flow out of
  the mouth
• Length of seizure important
• School policies vary

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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

• FAS/FAE Neurological disorder caused by
  prenatal exposure to alcohol
• 1/1000 births in Canada, however in a number of
  Aboriginal Communities estimates range as high as
  19/1000
• Wide range of symptoms and disabilities
• Sometimes physical changes short eye openings,
  flattened mid face, a long space between nose and
  lip

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FAS

• Often present well verbally but significant
  problems with memory, ability to apply learning
  in different settings, poor impulse control
• Difficulty understanding cause and effect
• Easily distractible
• Lack of social judgement

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CHRONIC HEALTH ISSUES

• Diabetes, allergies, asthma, cystic fibrosis,
  HIV/AIDS
• DIABETES body does not make enough insulin,
  problems with absorbing and storing sugar.
• Insulin injections, planned eating, regular
  physical activity
• Low and High blood sugar

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Diabetes

• Low blood sugar Hypogylcemia - confusion ,
  difficulty speaking, feels cold, blurred vision..
  Intake of sugar required , followed by
  carbohydrates and protein
• High Blood Sugar Hyper gylcemia over eating,
  to little insulin , chronic stress

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Allergies

• Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock difficulty
  breathing, swelling of the throat, rash
• Can be life threatening
• 20 of school aged population
• Injection of epinephrine
• Medical attention required immediately