Freedom from Addictive Behavior

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Chapter 13
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes
ChapterOutline

• Freedom from Addictive Behavior

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Key term
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Addiction Compulsive and uncontrollable
  behavior(s) or use of substance(s)

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Addictive behaviors
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Almost anything can be addictive
• Work, shopping, television, the Internet,
  computer games, exercise, food, drugs
• Other addictions include
• Gambling, pornography, sex, people, places

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Addictive behaviors
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• The most serious type is chemical dependency on
  drugs Examples include
• Socially accepted substances
• Coffee, tobacco, alcohol
• Illegal substances
• Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy, heroin,
  marijuana
• Others
• Prescription drugs

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Risk factors for addiction
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• The behavior is reinforced
• The addiction is an attempt to meet a basic need
• Stress
• Peer pressure
• Acceptance within a value system

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Risk factors for addiction
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Pain from serious illness
• Pressure to perform or succeed
• Low self-esteem
• Genetic susceptibility
• Society accepts addictive behaviors

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What is a drug?
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• A drug is any substance that alters the users
  ability to function
• Over-the-counter drugs
• Prescription medications
• Illegal substances
• Many drugs lead to physical and psychological
  dependence

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Drugs
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Any drug can be misused or abused
• Misuse the intentional or inappropriate use of
  over-the-counter or prescribed medications
• Abuse the intentional or inappropriate use of a
  drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial,
  intellectual, or social consequences
• The body often develops tolerance to drugs,
  requiring a higher dose with subsequent use

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The influence of drug abuse
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• More than 50 of adolescent suicides are
  drug-related
• Drug abuse can open the gate to other illegal
  activities
• 70 of federal inmates and 80 of state inmates
  have abused drugs
• 60 of the worlds production of illegal drugs is
  consumed in the U.S.
• Americans spend more than 100 billion each year
  on illegal drugs (more than for all U.S. crops)

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Marijuana
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Most widely used illegal drug in the U.S.
• Low doses yield a sedative effect
• Larger doses produce physical and psychic changes
• Short-term effects include
• Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration,
  decreased coordination, memory impairment,
  confusion, increased heart attack risk
• Long-term effects include
• The amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain
  damage, immune system dysfunction, chronic
  bronchitis, lung cancer, sterility, impotence

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Critical thinking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• The legalization of marijuana for medical
  purposes is being heatedly debated across the
  United States. Do you think this decision should
  rest with the government, medical personnel, or
  the individuals themselves?

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Cocaine
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• 96 of cocaine users previously used marijuana
• 20 of first time users will become addicted
• Addiction becomes a lifetime nightmare
• Popularity based on the almost immediate feeling
  of euphoria
• Initial high
• Alleviates fatigue, raises energy, decreases need
  for food and sleep
• But increases risk of sudden death
• Then comes the crash
• Physiological and psychological depression
  leaving a desire for additional drug
• Long-term consequences include
• Digestive disorders, malnutrition, insomnia,
  anxiety, cocaine psychosis (coke bugs),
  tremors, seizures, strokes, cardiac arrhytmias

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Methamphetamine
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Fastest growing drug problem in the U.S.
• A central nervous system stimulant
• Primary effect
• Produces a feeling of well-being and increased
  motor activity
• But decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep
• Chronic users experience
• Inflammation of the heart lining,
  schizophrenia-like mental disorder, and brain
  cell damage
• Users are frequently involved in violent crime,
  homicide, and suicide

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MDMA (Ecstasy)
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Most common club drug in the U.S.
• A stimulant and hallucinogenic drug
• Promoted as a drug that increases energy,
  pleasure, and self-confidence
• Users may experience
• Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating,
  nausea, muscle tension, and teeth-grinding
• Long-term effects include
• Confusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety,
  aggression, paranoia, and verbal and visual
  memory impairment

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Heroin
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• A sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium)
• An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing
  drug
• Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria
• An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and
  death
• Short-term use symptoms include
• Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps,
  runny nose and eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech,
  nausea, and violent yawning
• Long-term symptoms include
• Hallucinations nightmares constipation sexual
  difficulties and increased risk for lung, liver,
  and cardiovascular disease
• SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to
  addicted mothers

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Alcohol
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Alcohol abuse is one of the most significant
  health-related drug problems in the U.S.
• Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs
  the ability to see and hear, decreases reaction
  time, hinders concentration and motor
  performance, and causes impaired judgment of
  distance and speed of moving objects
• Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases
  risk-taking behaviors, stimulates urination, and
  induces sleep

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Alcohol addiction
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Long-term effects of alcohol abuse are serious
and often life-threatening
Figure 13.1
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A survey involving 56,000 college students showed
that GPA is related to average number of drinks
per week
Figure 13.2
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Students and alcohol misuse
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• 30 of academic problems result from alcohol
  misuse
• 36 of surveyed students admitted driving while
  intoxicated
• 2 to 3 of U.S. college students will die from
  alcohol-related causes (more students than those
  who will receive advanced degrees)

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Key term
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Synergistic action The effect of mixing two or
  more drugs, which can be much greater than the
  drugs acting by themselves

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Stay in control

• Decide ahead of time what action to take if your
  date puts you in an uncomfortable situation

• Most people think they are in control of their
  drinking habits and do not realize they have a
  problem until they become alcoholics

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Activities 13.1 13.2
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes
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How to cut down on drinking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Determine that you want to cut down on drinking
• Set reasonable limits
• Learn to say no politely and firmly
• Drink slowly
• Dilute your drinks
• Do not drink on your own

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Treatment of addiction
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Recognize that there is a problem
• Recovery almost always requires professional help
• Consult a physician, counseling center, or local
  mental health clinic
• Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse
  Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance
  abuse treatment centers in your area
• Successful treatment includes psychotherapy,
  medical care, and behavior modification

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Cigarette smoking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Cigarette smoking became popular in the mid 1800s
• Harmful effects of cigarette smoking became known
  in the 1960s
• More than 1,200 toxic chemicals have been found
  in tobacco smoke
• Tar contains about 60 chemical compounds that are
  proven carcinogens

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Key terms
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Tar Chemical compound that forms during the
  burning of tobacco leaves

• Nicotine Addictive compound found in tobacco
  leaves

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Morbidity mortality
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• The World Health Organization estimates that 10
  of the 5 billion people presently living will die
  from smoking-related illnesses
• Cigarettes kill 26 times as many people as all
  illegal drugs combined (about 440,000/year)
• Cigarette smoking is the single largest
  preventable cause of illness and premature death
  in the U.S.

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Morbidity mortality
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• The most common carcinogenic exposure in the
  workplace is cigarette smoke
• Secondhand smoke causes an estimated 35,000 to
  40,000 yearly deaths from heart disease in
  nonsmokers
• About 3,000 people die each year from lung cancer
  because of secondhand smoke
• Pipe and cigar smoking and chewing tobacco also
  increase the mortality rates from heart disease
  and lung, lip, mouth, and larynx cancer

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Every day, 1,200 Americans die from smoking
Figure 13.4
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Smoking-related problems
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Causes heart disease, cancer, stroke, aortic
  aneurysm, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
  peptic ulcers
• On average, each cigarette shortens life
  expectancyby 7 minutes
• 87 of lung cancer and 30 of all cancers are
  caused by smoking
• Smoking affects the cardiovascular system by
  increasing heart rate, blood pressure,
  susceptibility to atherosclerosis, blood clots,
  coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia, and
  arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease

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Smoking-related problems
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• As far as the extra load on the heart is
  concerned, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day
  is the equivalent of carrying between 50 and 75
  pounds of excess body fat
• Smoking is the most prevalent cause of injury and
  death from fire
• Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which
  reduces the bloods oxygen carrying capacity
• Carbon monoxide and nicotine can cause damage to
  the arterial wall, enhancing atherosclerosis
• Smoking causes increased adhesiveness and
  clustering of platelets, increasing blood
  thickness that may precipitate a heart attack

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Figure 13.3
A normal and a diseased alveoli
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Critical thinking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable
  cause of premature illness and death in the
  United States. Do you think the government should
  outlaw the use of tobacco in all forms? Or does
  the individual have the right to engage in
  self-destructive behavior?

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Economic impact
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Smokers use the health care system twice as much
  as nonsmokers
• A smoking employee costs an employer up to an
  additional 4,611 annually

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Critical thinking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• You are in a designated nonsmoking area and the
  person next to you lights up a cigarette. What
  can you say to this person to protect your right
  to clean air?

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Smokeless tobacco
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Use has increased during the last 15 years
• Leads to health problems
• Gingivitis and periodontitis
• Four times greater risk of oral cancer
• Increased cavities, sore gums, bad breath, and
  stained teeth
• Diminishes smell and taste
• Increases heart rate and blood pressure
• Just as addictive as cigarette smoking

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Smoking cessation
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Nicotine is perhaps the most addictive drug
  known to humans
• 75 to 90 of smokers would like to quit
• Most important factor in quitting is sincere
  desire to do so
• 20 of smokers who try to quit succeed the first
  time
• More than 91 of successful ex-smokers have been
  able to quit on their own

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Activities 13.3 13.4
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes
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Activities 13.5 13.6
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes
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Steps to smoking cessation
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Decide positively that you want to quit
• Initiate a personal diet and exercise program
• Decide on the approach you will use to stop
  smoking
• Cold turkey
• Cutting down gradually
• Keep a daily log of your smoking habit for a few
  days
• Set the target date for quitting
• Stock up on low-calorie foods
• Quit!

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Life after cigarettes
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Withdrawal symptoms should be expected
• Physiological addiction is broken in about 3 days
  following the last cigarette
• Psychological addiction takes longer, possibly
  years to break
• Benefits begin right after smoking cessation

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Following smoking cessation
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• Risk for illness starts to decrease the moment
  you stop smoking
• Sore throats, sores in the mouth, hoarseness,
  cigarette cough, and risk for peptic ulcers
  decrease
• Circulation to the hands and feet improve
• Gastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder functions
  improve
• Everything tastes and smells better
• You will have more energy
• You gain a sense of freedom, pride, and well-being

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Critical thinking
Addiction
Drugs and Dependence
Treatment of Addiction
Tobacco Use
Smoking Cessation
Life After Cigarettes

• If you ever smoked or now smoke cigarettes,
  discuss your perceptions of how others accepted
  your behavior.
• If you smoked and have quit, how did you
  accomplish the task, and has it helped in how you
  are viewed by others?
• If you never smoked, how do perceive smokers?

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End of Chapter