Nutrition, Food Supplies

1
Nutrition, Food Supplies
World food supply 1960-1998
Asia
Relative food production by regions
Lat Amer
World
Africa
Former Soviet Union
2
Nutrition, Food Supplies

• Sub-Saharan Africa food production has not kept
  pace with rapid population growth(reasons
  Droughts, War, Poverty, govt mismanagement)
• In sub-Sahara, 35 out of 40 countries had
  decreasing food production last 20 years

3
Nutrition, Food Supplies
In richer countries, the most common dietary
problem is over-nutrition (too many calories).

• Average daily caloricintake in North Americaand
  Europe is 3,500calories (2770/day needed for
  healthy, active life)

http//www.nordictrack.com/cgi-bin/ncommerce3/Exec
Macro/product/nt/product_v4.d2w/report?prmenbr153
prrfnbr105197cgrfnbr46526rootcat46525
4
Meat Consumption
Avg Person in Lbs of meat/yr
US 247
Italy 170
Japan 90.5
Egypt 31
India 4.5
5
Importance of Diet

• At least half of all Americans are considered
  overweight (about 1/3 are obese).
• Strong correlation between cardiovascular disease
  and the amount of salt and animal fat in ones
  diet
• Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, complex
  carbohydrates, and dietary fiber have beneficial
  health effects.
• Eating too much food has negative effects on
  health.

6
Obesity - The most common dietary problem in
wealthy countries is over-nutrition.
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
Eating a Balanced Diet
USDA Food Pyramid
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
The Challenge of Choosing Foods Variety!
16
Nutrition, Food Supplies

• Asia has experienced the most rapid increase in
  crop production (esp. China, Indonesia tripled
  food production in less than decade).
• Ex. In Indonesia, in 4 years had worlds biggest
  rice reserves from being worlds biggest importer
  of rice

Malaysia, palm oil
17
Food Security

• Food security - the ability to obtain sufficient
  food on a day-to-day basis
• About 800 million people are chronically hungry
  (200 million are children) 1 in 5 in developing
  world.
• Chronic undernourishment in children leads to
  permanently stunted growth, mental retardation,
  other social and developmental disorders.
• Higher incidence of infectious diseases when
  undernourished.
• Poverty is the greatest threat to food security.
• Within families that dont get enough to eat,
  women and children have the poorest diets.

18
Countries at risk for food shortages high
risk in orange color, low risk in white
Greatest risk sub-Sahara Africa, Southeast
South Asia, parts of Latin America. Little risk
US, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia
19
Essential Nutrients

• Malnourishment - a nutritional imbalance caused
  by a lack of specific dietary components or an
  inability to utilize essential nutrients
• Richer countries eat too much meat, salt, fat and
  not enough fiber, vitamins etc since foods are so
  processed
• The number of people with allergies has gone up
  and has not been helped by the chemicals
  (hormones) used to speed up the rate at which
  animals accumulate biomass (the food source).

20
Essential Nutrients

• Starchy foods like corn and polished rice tend to
  be low in several essential nutrients
• Protein deficiency diseases - kwashiorkor,
  marasmus
• Iron deficiency - anemia - most severe in India
• Iodine deficiency - goiter, hyperthyroidism

WHY DO DEFICIENCIES EXIST?
21
goiter
kwashiorkor
marasmus
http//www.healthcentral.com/mhc/img/img1164.cfm
22
Famines Some Causes

• Environmental conditions - drought, insects,
  natural disasters
• National politics - corruption, oppression
• Armed conflict
• Economics - price gouging, poverty, landlessness

23
Dealing with Underlying Causes of Famine?
Famine causes people to use up their productive
capacity (killing their animals, eating stored
grains), mass migrations
The aid policies of rich countries often serve
to get rid of surplus food without dealing with
root causes of starvation set up feeding camps
not deal with growing own crops, etc.
24
To help feed the entire world?

• New foods? Eg,
• insects (microlivestock),58-75 protein by
  weight,3-4x protein-rich as beef, fish or eggs,
• Winged beans (tropical legume), many edible
  parts so called supermarket on the stalk
• GMO???

25
Transgenic Crop Field Releases
26
World Health Organizationstudies in 2002

• 20 questions on Genetically Modified Foods
• Conclusion by WHO is that the environmental
  safety aspects of GM crops vary considerably
  according to local conditions
• Preventing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life
• Top 10 Risks are Tobacco, alcohol, unsafe water,
  sanitation hygiene, high cholesterol, indoor
  smoke from solid fuels, childhood maternal
  underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure,
  iron deficiency, overweight/obesity

27
In summary

• A poor environment will contribute to a poor diet
  and negatively affect nutrition (and too much can
  also be bad).
• Poor nutrition may contribute to diseases their
  emergence.
• Also social factors (govts, war, policy,
  economics, etc) may affect nutrition and hence
  diseases.
• Global organizations have been developed to help
  solve these global problems.

28
CH 8 - Environmental Health Toxicology
In some parts of Eastern Europe and the former
USSR, up to 90 of all children suffer from
environmentally linked diseases.
29
What is Health?

• The World Health Organization defines health
  state of complete physical, mental, social
  well-being not just absence of disease.
• Disease - a deleterious change in the bodys
  condition in response to an environmental factor
• Morbidity illness or disease
• Mortality death rate

30
Eg Tuberculosis
Deforestation causes insect vectors to move to
cities
31
Morbidity and Quality of Life in Poor Households
Problems occurring when people live in crowded
conditions. New global mega cities where managing
human generated wastes is poor, etc