The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther
• Ulrich Zwingli

• Jean Calvin
• King Henry VIII

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The Protestant Reformation
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The Roots of Change

• Rise of middle class
• Printing press

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Corruption

• Nepotism giving church offices to relatives
• Simony The sale of Church offices
• Indulgences
• The moment the tinkles in the collecting box,
  a soul flies out of Purgatory

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Corruption

• Moral abuses

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Martin Luther

• A German monk
• Professor

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Martin Luther

• Help me Saint Anne, I will become a monk!

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Martin Luther

• Romans I17 The just shall live by faith
• 95 Theses
• faith, not good works, was the key to salvation

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Martin Luther

• Summoned to Worms (Vurmz)
• June 15, 1520 Luther excommunicated
• Declared a heretic

Pope Leo X
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Luther defends himself at the Diet of Worms
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Diet of Worms

• I cannot and I will not retract anything, since
  it is neither safe nor right to go against
  conscience.
• Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

• Luther tosses the Papal Bull (excommunication
  papers) into a fire at Wittenburg

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Outcome of Worms

• Edict of Worms signed May 1521 banning Luther
  from preaching
• -considered a heretic
• BUT

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Outcome of Diet

• Frederick of Saxony (a prince) kidnaps Luther
  and hides him in Wartburg Castle

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Outcome of Diet

• Frederick of Saxony (a prince) kidnaps Luther
  and hides him in Wartburg Castle
• Luther is then declared an outlaw (and still a
  heretic)

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Outcome of Diet

• Frederick of Saxony (a prince) kidnaps Luther
  and hides him in Wartburg Castle
• Luther is then declared an outlaw (and still a
  heretic)
• Translated New Testament into German (very
  important!!)

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Outcome of Diet

• Frederick of Saxony (a prince) kidnaps Luther
  and hides him in Wartburg Castle
• Luther is then declared an outlaw (and still a
  heretic)
• Translated New Testament into German (very
  important!!)
• Lutheranism spreads quickly among German middle
  classes (why?)Please know this slide BIG
  STUFF

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Life at Wartburg

• Very mopey and sad
• Suffered from depression (among other things)
• But his stay there was important to history
  why??

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Treatises of Martin Luther

• Pope not head of Church
• Baptism and Communion are only 2 sacraments
• Rejected poverty, chastity, obedience
• Eventually agreed clergy could marry (major major
  break from Catholicism)

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Peasant Rebellion 1525

• Peasants assumed Luthers Christian Freedom
  meant political freedom (nope)
• Crush the peasant swine!
• He urged the German princes to crush the revolt
  without mercy.
• What conclusions can we draw? Luther was a
  spiritual revolutionary but a conservative
  political thinker.

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ULRICH ZWINGLI
Protestant Reformation spreads outside Germany
1522, Ulrich Zwingli began a movement in
Switzerland.
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The Protestant Reformation
Zwingli stood for a literal interpretation of
Scripture. Was against Fasting Saint
worship Pilgrimages Clerical celibacy Sacraments
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The Protestant Reformation

• Zwinglis city of Zurich
• model of puritanical Protestantism
• harsh discipline
• literal reading of Bible

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The Protestant Reformation

• A Protestant work ethic
• rejected sensuality of the Italian Renaissance
• forbade games, dancing and fun
• encouraged hard labor.

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The Protestant Reformation
John Calvin (1509-1564) Calvinism replaced
Lutheranism as dominant Protestant force in
Europe during second half of 16th century
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The Protestant Reformation
Calvinists predestination (idea there was an
elect that was already chosen by God for
salvation)
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The Protestant Reformation
Even though individuals were predestined for
either damnation or salvation, they were still
commanded, according to Calvinists, to live in a
manifestly God-pleasing way.
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The Protestant Reformation
Theocracies established by Calvinists in Geneva,
and later by the Puritans that settled
Massachusetts Bay (1620) enforced the strictest
moral discipline.
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The Protestant Reformation
Last phase of the Protestant Reformation came in
England King Henry VIII
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The Protestant Reformation
Henry fretted about not having a male heir No
concept of X and Y chromosomes Blamed wife,
Catherine of Aragon, for bearing him girls
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The Protestant Reformation
Oldest daughter Mary - born in 1516
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The Protestant Reformation
So he asks the pope, Clement VII, for an
annulment, so he can marry Anne Boleyn (mistress)
Why???
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The Protestant Reformation
BUT Catherine of Aragon is daughter of very
powerful Catholic King Ferdinand of Spain Pope
Clement says no to Henrys annulment
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The Protestant Reformation
5 years later Henry marries Anne Boleyn in 1533
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon claimed
invalid.
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The Protestant Reformation
Act of Supremacy (1534), Henry declares himself,
head of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
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The Protestant Reformation
Henry then began confiscating Church lands
(making monarchy very wealthy)
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The Protestant Reformation
Thomas More (Henrys Chancellor) opposed the Act
of Supremacy Was beheaded in 1535 (Catholic
Church made him into a saint)
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The Protestant Reformation
Anne Boleyn gave birth a daughter Elizabeth 1533
Anne was beheaded in 1536 (accused of adultery)
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The Protestant Reformation
Two weeks after Annes execution, Henry married
Jane Seymour, who gave Henry his long-awaited
son, Edward, in 1537.
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The Protestant Reformation
Never recovered from Edwards difficult birth
Died 12 days later
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The Protestant Reformation
In 1540, poor lonely Henry married Anne of
Cleves Divorced her after only a few months
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The Protestant Reformation
..so he could marry Catherine Howard.. .whom
he had beheaded in 1542.
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The Protestant Reformation
Henrys 6th and final wife was Catherine Parr,
whom he married in 1543.
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The Protestant Reformation
Henry died in 1547 he was succeeded by his only
son (by Jane Seymour), Edward VI.
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The Protestant Reformation
But Edward VI had always been a sickly child, and
died in 1553 With no other male heirs, the
oldest daughter became Queen
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The Protestant Reformation
Queen Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon)
staunch Catholic determined to restore
Catholicism in England Aka Bloody Mary
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The Protestant Reformation
She was especially anxious to crush the growing
Puritan minority. Died in 1558, having reigned
for only 5 years
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Well get back to Elizabeth later.