Model Checking

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Model Checking Lecture 3 Tom Henzinger
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Model-Checking Problem
I S
System model
System property
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System Model
-state-transition graph -weak or strong
fairness constraints
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System Properties
Temporal logics -STL (finite runs) ??, ?U
-CTL (infinite runs) ??, ?U, ?? -LTL
(infinite traces) ?, U Automata -specificati
on automata (trace containment) -monitor
automata (trace emptiness) -simulation automata
(relation on finite runs)
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Acceptance Conditions
-finite automata ? -Buchi automata
?? -coBuchi automata ?? -Streett automata
? ( ?? ? ??) -Rabin automata ? ( ?? ? ??)
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Response specification automaton ? (a ? ?b)
assuming (a ? b) false
s1
a
?b
s2
s0
b
?a
s3
Buchi condition s0, s3
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Response monitor automaton ? (a ? ?b)
assuming (a ? b) false
a
?b
true
s0
s1
s2
Buchi condition s2
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?? a
a
?a
s1
s0
Buchi condition s0 No coBuchi condition
Streett condition (s0,s1, s0) Rabin
condition (?, s0)
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?? a
a
?a
s1
s0
No Buchi condition coBuchi condition s0
Streett condition (s1, ?) Rabin condition
(s1, s0,s1)
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?? a
a
?a
s1
s0
a
s2
Buchi condition s2
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-Buchi and coBuchi automata cannot be
determinized -Streett and Rabin automata can be
determinized
nondeterministic Buchi deterministic Streett
deterministic Rabin nondeterministic Streett
nondeterministic Rabin omega-regular Buchi
1960
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Omega-automata are strictly more expressive than
LTL
Omega-automata omega-regular languages LTL
counter-free omega-regular languages
?
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Omega-automata omega-regular languages
second-order theory of monadic predicates
successor omega-regular expressions LTL
counter-free omega-regular languages
first-order theory of monadic predicates
successor star-free omega-regular
expressions
?
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Structure of the Omega-Regular Languages
Streett Rabin
Buchi
Finite
coFinite
coBuchi
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Structure of the Counter-free Omega-Regular
Languages
finite boolean combinations of ?? and ??
??
?
?
??
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The location of a linear-time property in the
Borel hierarchy indicates how hard (theoretically
as well as conceptually) the corresponding
model-checking problem is.
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finite boolean combinations of ?? and ??
weak fair
safety
??
?
?
??
response
strong fair
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Model-Checking Algorithms Graph Algorithms
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• Safety
• -solve STL (?U model checking),
  finite monitors (? emptiness)
• -algorithm reachability (linear)
• Response under weak fairness
• -solve weakly fair CTL (?? model checking),
  Buchi monitors (?? emptiness)
• -algorithm strongly connected components
  (linear)
• Liveness
• -solve strongly fair CTL, Streett
  monitors ( ? (?????) emptiness)
• -algorithm recursively nested SCCs (quadratic)

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From specification automata to monitor
automata determinization (exponential)
complementation (easy)
From LTL to monitor automata complementation
(easy) tableau construction (exponential)
Simulation automata preorder refinement
(quadratic)
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Five Algorithms

• Reachability
• Strongly connected components
• Recursively nested SCCs
• Tableau construction
• Preorder refinement
• Streett determinization

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Finite Emptiness
Given finite automaton (S, S0, ?, ?, FA) Find
is there a path from a state in S0 to a state in
FA ?
Solution depth-first or breadth-first search
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Application 1 STL model checking Application
2 finite monitors
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Buchi Emptiness
Given Buchi automaton (S, S0, ?, ?, BA) Find
is there an infinite path from a state in S0 that
visits some state in BA infinitely often ?
Solution 1. Compute SCC graph by
depth-first search 2. Mark SCC C as fair iff
C ? BA ? ? 3. Check if some fair SCC is
reachable from S0
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Application 1 CTL model checking over
weakly-fair transition graphs (note
really need multiBuchi) Application 2 Buchi
monitors
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Streett Emptiness
Given Streett automaton (S, S0, ?, ?,
SA) Find is there an infinite path from a state
in S0 that satisfies all Streett conditions
(l,r) in SA ?
Solution check if S0 ? RecSCC (S, ?, SA) ? ?
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function RecSCC (S, ?, SA) X ? for
each C ? SCC (S, ?) do F ? if
?C ? ? then for each (l,r) ? SA
do if C ? r ? ? then F F ?
(l,r) else C C \ l if F SA
then X X ? pre(C) else X X
? RecSCC (C, ?C, F) return X
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Complexity
n number of states m number of
transitions s number of Streett pairs
Reachability O(nm) SCC O(nm) RecSCC O((nm
) s2)
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Application 1 CTL model checking over
strongly-fair transition graphs Application
2 Streett monitors
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Tableau Construction
Given LTL formula ? Find Buchi automaton
M? such that L(M?) L(?)
Fischer Ladner 1975 Manna Wolper 1982
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Fischer-Ladner Closure of a Formula
Sub (a) a Sub (???) ??? ? Sub (?) ?
Sub (?) Sub (??) ?? ? Sub (?) Sub (??)
?? ? Sub (?) Sub (?U?) ?U?, ?(?U?) ? Sub
(?) ? Sub (?)
Sub (?) O(?)
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s ? Sub (?) is consistent iff
-if (???) ? Sub (?) then (???) ?
s iff ? ? s and ? ? s -if (??) ? Sub (?)
then (??) ? s iff ? ? s -if
(?U?) ? Sub (?) then (?U?) ? s
iff either ? ? s or ? ? s and ?(?U?)
? s
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Tableau M? (S, S0, ?, ?, BA)
S ... set of consistent subsets of Sub (?) s ?
S0 iff ? ? s s ? t iff for all (??) ? Sub
(?), (??) ? s iff ? ? t ?(s) ...
conjunction of atomic observations in s and
negated atomic observations not in s For each
(?U?) ? Sub (?), BA contains s ?
? s or (?U?) ? s
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Size of M? is O(2?).
CTL model checking linear / quadratic LTL
model checking PSPACE-complete
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Preorder Refinement
Given state-transition graph (Q, ?, A,
) Find for each state q ? Q, the
set sim(q) ? Q of states that simulate q
Bloom Paige H, H, Kopke 1995
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for each t ? Q do sim(t) u ? Q u
t while there are three states s, t, u such
that t ? s u ? sim(t) sim(s) ? post(u)
? do sim(t) sim(t) \ u assert
if u simulates t, then u ? sim(t)