Ch.12: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy

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Ch.12 Nutrition Through the Life Span
Pregnancy Infancy

• Identify the most significant indicator of an
  infants future health status
• Identify the increased nutrient needs during
  pregnancy
• Describe appropriate food choices from the Food
  Guide Pyramid for pregnant women
• Identify weight gain recommendations for
  pregnancyunderweight, normal weight, and obese

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Chapter 12 contd.

• Describe strategies to alleviate morning
  sickness, heartburn, and constipation during
  pregnancy
• Identify life style practices to avoid during
  pregnancy
• List the benefits of breast feeding
• Identify contraindications to breast feeding

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Chapter 12 contd.

• Identify nutrients that need to be emphasized
  during lactation
• List the main advantage of formula feedings
• Identify nutrient needs of the infant
• Identify what vitamin-mineral supplements may be
  needed for the infant

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Chapter 12 contd.

• Determine indicators for introducing solid foods
• Identify the single most important nutritional
  measure to undertake during the 1st year of a
  childs life
• Define nursing bottle tooth decay (bottle mouth
  syndrome) and how to prevent it

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Preparing for Pregnancy

• There is a strong correlation between
  pre-pregnancy weight and infant birth weight.
• Infant Birth Weight is the Most Potent Single
  Indicator of the Infant s Future Health Status
• Low birth weight is 5½ pounds or less

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Preparing for Pregnancy, Cntd.

• Low birth weight babies have a greater chance of
  dying early in life
• Pre-pregnancy nutrition determines whether a
  mother will be able to grow a healthy placenta
• Placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to the
  developing fetus

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Nutrition during Pregnancy

• Energyone of the smallest increasesonly 300
  kcalories per day in 2nd and 3rd trimesters
• Protein extra 10 grams
• Carbohydrate generous amounts for protein
  sparing
• Vitamins Folate and B12 increased for new cell
  and red blood cell production

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Nutrition, Cntd.

• Minerals Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in
  demand for bone development and growth
• Fluoride Fluoridate water or supplements
  recommended for teeth development
• Iron Increase needed to develop stores in the
  fetus

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Food Group Choices

• Choose foods of high nutrient density since
  energy needs only increase slightly
• Milk group nonfat or skimmed milk products
• Meat Group lean meats, eggs and liver
• Vegetables dark greens, deep yellows

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Food Groups, cntd.

• Fruits Vitamin C rich sources
• Breads and Cereals Whole grain and high fiber

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Recommended Weight Gain

• Underweight 28-40 pounds
• Normal weight 25-35 pounds
• Overweight 15-25 pounds (never try to diet
  during pregnancy)
• Ideal weight gain is 3½ pounds during 1st
  trimester and then 1 pound per wk.
• WEIGHT GAIN IS NOT ALL BABY

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Problems during Pregnancy

• Gestational Diabetes can result in
  complicationsHBW baby
• Nausea and Heartburn recommendations in text on
  page 308
• Constipation High fiber diet, physical activity
  and fluids and natural laxatives, e.g. prune
  juice

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Practices to Avoid

• Cigarette Smoking small babies
• Caffeine should be limited
• Dieting dieting that results in ketosis may
  impair fetus brain development
• Alcohol NEVER! Risk of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Drugs only on physicians recommendation

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Breastfeeding

• Mothers nutritional needs
• Extra energy required to produce milk
• (500 extra kcalories per day)
• Water is also necessary to prevent dehydration
• Contraindications to Breastfeeding
• Use of alcohol excessive caffeine use smoking
  HIV/AIDS drug use and oral contraceptives

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Infant Nutrition

• Nutrient Needs
• Birth weight should double in 4-6 months and
  triple in one year
• Infants require highest amount of nutrients per
  unit of body weight than any other age
• Vitamin K is given at birth for blood clotting
• Breast Milk
• Provides all nutrient needs for first 4-6 months
• Exception is Vitamin D

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Infant Nutrition, Cntd.

• If breastfeeding, infant requires Vitamin D, and
  Fluoride
• Immunological protection provided by colostrum to
  protect against infections
• Breastfed babies also have fewer allergies
• Infant Formulas
• Can provide adequate nutrition
• Families members can share in the feeding

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Infant Nutrition, cntd.

• Cows milk not recommended during the first
  yearimmature digestive system
• No fat-reduced milk or formula during first two
  yearsfat is necessary for normal brain
  development
• Nursing bottle (mouth) syndrome propping a
  bottle for infant in bed can cause tooth decay,
  aspiration, and ear infections

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Infant Nutrition, Cntd.

• First Solid Foods
• Indicators of readiness for solid foods include
• Infant can sit up and control head movements
• Infant is 4-6 months old
• Infant has doubled his/her birth weight
• Should be eating foods from all food groups at
  the end of the 1st year (a variety of foods!!)

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Infant Nutrition

• The single most important measure to undertake
  during the first year is to encourage eating
  habits that will support continued normal weight
  as the child grows.
• Encourage breast feedingup to one year if
  possible
• Use table foods, not canned baby foods