Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

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Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

• Chapter 10

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Blood

• hem/o and hemat/o
• plasma - 55
• formed elements - 45
• serum - plasma without clotting proteins

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Blood Cells

• RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis
• WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis
• Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

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Erythrocytes

• erythr/o - red
• cyte - cell
• Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen
• Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte
• RBCs produced by red bone marrow

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Leukocytes

• leuk/o - white
• Protect the body against invasion
• Pass through capillary walls

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• Granulocytes
• neutrophils (phagocytosis)
• eosinophils (allergies)
• basophils (promote inflammation)
• Agranulocytes
• lymphocytes (production of circulating
  antibodies)
• monocytes (macrophages)
• Collection of dead and living bacteria and
  leukocytes called pus, abscess.

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Thrombocytes

• smallest formed element
• made in bone marrow
• essential to blood coagulation
• If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue
  other than the lining of the vessels, platelets
  stick together, form plug, seals wound.
  Chemicals released, series of reactions,
  formation of clot.

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Plasma

• plasma
• 92 water
• 8 plasma proteins
• albumin
• globulin
• fibrinogen
• serum - plasma without clotting proteins or
  fibrinogen

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Functions of the Immune System

• To protect the entire body from a variety of
  harmful substances
• pathogenic microorganisms
• allergens
• toxins
• malignant cells

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Structures of the Immune System

• Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT
  contained within a single set of organs or
  vessels
• Action depends on structures from lymphatic,
  cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems
• Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction

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Lymphatic System

• Major structures
• lymph vessels
• lymph nodes
• lymph fluid
• tonsils
• Also
• spleen
• thymus

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Functions of the Lymph System

• lymph/o
• drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it
  to the blood
• transport materials (nutrients, hormones and
  oxygen) to body cells
• carry away waste products to the blood
• transport lipids away from digestive system
• control of infection

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Lymph System

• Lymph originates in blood plasma
• Interstitial fluid
• cleans and nourishes body tissues
• collects cellular debris, bacteria
• return to blood or lymph capillaries

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Lymph Nodes

• located in lymph vessels
• small round or oval structures (filters)
• depositories for cellular debris
• bacteria and debris phagocytized

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Lymph Nodes

• inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs
  (lymphocytes)
• almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100
• invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell
  as an indicator of the disease process

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Spleen

• sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
• filter for lymph
• phagocytic cells
• hemolytic

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Thymus

• lymphatic tissue
• mediastinum
• primary role changes lymphocytes to T cells for
  cellular immunity

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Tonsils

• masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue
  fluid, not lymph
• located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium
  exposed to outside and hence to contamination
• any or all may become so loaded with bacteria
  that the pathogens gain dominance
• should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

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Antigen-Antibody Reactions

• Antigen - any substance that the body regards as
  foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)
• Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed
  by the body in response to the presence of an
  antigen
• Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

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WBCs for Immune Reactions

• monocytes - type of lymphocytes
• formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by
  body
• become macrophages
• macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body
  by ingesting invading cells
• lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
• formed in lymphatic tissue

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Lymphocytes

• T cells or T Lymphocytes
• mature in thymus gland
• Cell mediated immunity
• B cells or B Lymphocytes
• mature in bone marrow
• antibody-mediated immunity

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T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)

• T Cell (cell mediated immunity)
• circulating lymphocytes
• produced in bone marrow
• matures in thymus
• live for years
• primary function coordinate immune defenses and
  kill organisms

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Lymphocyte T Cells

• helper T cells - essential to proper functioning
  of immune system
• Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a
  faster response if same antigen introduced at a
  later time

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Blood Groups

• Four blood groups based on presence or absence of
  blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
• A - A antigen
• B - B antigen
• AB - both AB antigens
• O - no AB antigens

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• Plasma does not contain the antibody against own
  antigen
• Antigens on the donors RBCs react with the
  antibodies in patients plasma and cause a
  transfustion reaction.

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Rh Factor

• Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85 of
  pop. of US.
• Rh positive and Rh negative
• Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to
  the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.
• hemolytic disease of the newborn
• prevented with RhoGAM

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Immunity

• Immunity-state of being resistant or not
  susceptible to a specific disease
• Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT
  present at birth and obtained during life

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Factors That Influence Immune System

• Health
• Age
• Heredity

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Anemias

• Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced
• symptom of disease
• erythropenia
• hypochromasia
• hematocrit

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long
  incubation of up to 10 years
• AIDS name applied during advanced stages of
  disease
• After immune system destroyed, opportunistic
  infections occur.

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Autoimmune Disorders

• Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that
  are unable to distinguish antigens of internal
  cells.
• Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself
  and attacks own tissues.
• Multisystemic involvement.
• Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

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Edema

• Hypoproteinemia
• lowers osmotic pressure within blood
• large amounts of plasma pass out of blood
• poor lymph drainage
• increased capillary permeability
• congestive heart failure
• localized edema, ascites

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Hemophilia

• Hereditary blood clotting disorder
• sex-linked, usually in men
• lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting
• hematomas
• hemarthrosis

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Infectious Mononucleosis

• Acute infection caused by virus.
• Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,
  atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,
  abnormal liver function, and bruising.
• transmitted by droplet infection
• Infection confers permanent immunity
• Treatment symptomatic

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Oncology, the study of tumors

• Metastasis, Metastasize
• Carcinoma
• Malignant Melanoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)
• Osteocarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
• Myosarcoma
• Myeloma

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Leukemia

• Major oncological disorder of blood-forming
  organs
• malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells
• acute myelogenous leukemia
• acute lymphocytic leukemia

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Hodgkins Disease

• Malignant disorder
• Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid
  tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes
  splenomegaly
• Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia,
  leukocytosis

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Kaposis Sarcoma

• Malignancy associated with AIDS
• lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and
  develop into plaques and nodules