Diapositive 1

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1. What do they consist in ? 2. How do they work
? 3. How to improve their capacities?
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1. What do they consist in ? 1.1.The basic
components 2. How do they work ? 2.1. The
principle 2.2. The different types 3. How to
improve their capacities ? 3.1. The accelerator
features 3.2. The technical problems 3.3. LHC
and the last performances
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1.1. The basic components

• The sources
• (electrons, protons, ions)
• The magnets
• (how to bend and focus the beam)
• The resonant cavities
• Booster, injection and storage ring
• The 2 multiple intersecting beams

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2.1.The principle Designed to gain energy and
bend the particles trajectory
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• 2.2. The different types
• Linear and circular accelerators
• Fixed target and colliding beams

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• 3.1. The accelerators features
• The luminosity
• The stability of the beam

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• 3.2. The technical problem
• The quality of vacuum
• The brunch length and the phase stability
• The loss of energy and the measures of
  compensation
• The momentum, the curvature and the rotation
  frequency
• Strong magnet, power consumption and
  superconducting technology

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3.3. LHC and the last performances
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1. What do they consist in ? 1.1. Overview of a
detector 1.2. Structure of a detector 2. How do
they work ? 2.1. The different types of
measurement 2.2. The different types of
interaction 2.3. The particles properties 3.
How to improve their capacities ? 3.1. What is
an ideal detector?
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1. What do they consist in?
1.1. Overview of a detector
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1. What do they consist in ?
1.2. The structure of a detector

• 1.2.1. The tracking detectors
• a. Ionization detectors
• wire chamber detector (ALEPH as old detector)
• silicon detector (ATLAS as new detector)
• b. Scintillation detectors ( Cherenkov
  radiation)
• 1.2.2. The electromagnetic calorimeter (Crystal)
• 1.2.3.The hadronic calorimeter (iron, uranium)
• 1.2.4. The muon detector

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2. How do they work?

2.1. The different types of measurement Measur
ement occurs via the interaction of a particle
with the detector which creates a measurable
signal by Ionisation Excitation/Scintillation
Change of the particle trajectory
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2. How do they work?
2.2. The different types of interaction
scattering
annihilation
Production of new particles
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2. How do they work?

2.3. The particles' properties

• The particle properties energy, momentum,
  charge, masse, life time, spin and decay modes
• The direct measurable ones energy and momentum
• The derivative ones mass, charge and life time

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3. How to improve their capacities?

3.1. What is an ideal detector?

• One could
• record the full interaction
• capture and measure all properties of all
  emerging particles
• and by this, reconstruct the complete event.

• One would
• give us the power to compare the interaction
  directly to theoretical predictions without most
  uncertainties

One-week programme / HST 2006