Global seismic network in operation for ~40 years provides a huge database of information on earthquakes:-

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• Global seismic network in operation for 40 years
  provides a huge database of information on
  earthquakes-
• Location, Depth
• Magnitude, Frequency
• Total Energy released
• Type of Faulting and orientation of fault planes
• State of stress in brittle material

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Subduction (Indonesia)
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Terminology
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• A typical seismogram and determination of range

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Earthquake Locations

• Accuracy 10 km, slightly larger error in depth.
• Geographic distribution Pattern of plate
  boundaries

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Energy and Polarity of First Motions
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Earthquake on a vertical plane
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Determination of nodal planes
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Spreading of the seismic wave
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Data on the surface, interpreted as a section
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Azimuth (f) and take-off angle
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In General have we seismic data from faults with
any orientations
plot a stereogram
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Fault types and Beach Ball plots
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Example Focal mechanism diagrams on the
Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone
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Seismic Focal MechanismsSummary Applications

• Detection at a distance via the world network
  Energy and Polarity of First Motions
• Plot polarity against azimuth and take-off
  angle
• Determine orientation of Fault-plane
• explosions v. earthquakes

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Brief Facts About
Earthquakes in Pakistan
By Dr. Qamar-uz-Zaman Chaudhary Director
General Pakistan Meteorological
Department pmd_at_pakmet.com.pk
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Pakistan Meteorological Department
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Seismogram
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PAST SEISMIC HISTORY OF PAKISTAN
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7.7
Earthquake in Quetta
1935
35,000
Railway Station
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7.7
Earthquake in Quetta
1935
35,000
Lytton Road
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Earthquake in Pakistan
1892
6.8
Chaman Balochistan
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Earthquake in Kangra 1905
7.8
19,727
Himachal Pradesh
Town Hall Lahore
After
Before
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M7.5 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE ON OCTOBER 8, 2005
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PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT M 7.5
EARTHQUAKE OF 8TH OCTOBER 2005 IN NORTHERN
PAKISTAN EPICENTRE 34.4N, 73.5E
DEPTH 10 KM
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ShakeMap OF OCTOBER 8, 2005 EARTHQUAKE
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KNOW THE RISK FOR FUTURE MITIGATION
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Up-gradation of National Seismic Network for
Pakistan (Approved June, 2005)
National Seismic Control Room Peshawar
Chitral
Mansehra
Muzaffarabad
National Geophysical Centre Quetta
Zhob
Khuzdar
National Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TWC),
Karachi
Turbat
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Establishment of Tsunami Warning Center in
Pakistan
Backup Tsunami Warning Centers
Information to Regional / Global Mitigation
Centers
Linkage with other Regional /Global TWS
National Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TWC),
Karachi
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Thank You All