Urbanization and segregation

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Urbanization and segregation

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Where Americans lived, 1850-1920
Size of place 1850 1880 1900 1920 Total
Under 1,000, or unincorporated place 73.61 65.8 56.16 43.9 54.3
1,000 - 2,499 6.52 5.29 4.63 4.91 5.03
2,500 - 3,999 3.1 2.91 2.47 2.91 2.8
4,000 - 4,999 1.06 1.17 1.4 1.45 1.35
5,000 - 9,999 2.86 3.41 3.95 4.79 4.11
10,000 - 24,999 2.89 4.49 5.58 6.49 5.53
25,000 - 49,999 3 2.9 3.93 4.8 4.02
50,000 - 74,999 0.47 1.19 1.79 3.01 2.08
75,000 - 99,999 0.87 0.63 1.6 2 1.52
100,000 - 199,999 3.14 2.58 3.28 4.41 3.61
200,000 - 299,999 0 1.43 2.61 2.76 2.23
300,000 - 399,999 0 2.1 2.13 1.63 1.74
400,000 - 499,999 0 0 0 1.59 0.67
500,000 - 599,999 2.47 2.14 2.17 2.05 2.14
600,000 - 749,999 0 0 0 1.34 0.56
750,000 - 999,999 0 1.64 0 2.37 1.33
1,000,000 - 1,999,999 0 2.34 4.13 1.72 2.43
2,000,000 0 0 4.15 7.85 4.55
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Rank Area Name Census Population Census Population Change Change
Rank Area Name April 1, 2000 April 1, 1990 Number
1 New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA 21,199,865 19,549,649 1,650,216 8.4
2 Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA 16,373,645 14,531,529 1,842,116 12.7
3 Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA 9,157,540 8,239,820 917,720 11.1
4 Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA 7,608,070 6,727,050 881,020 13.1
5 San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA 7,039,362 6,253,311 786,051 12.6
6 Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA 6,188,463 5,892,937 295,526 5.0
7 Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA 5,819,100 5,455,403 363,697 6.7
8 Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA 5,456,428 5,187,171 269,257 5.2
9 Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA 5,221,801 4,037,282 1,184,519 29.3
10 Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA 4,669,571 3,731,131 938,440 25.2
11 Atlanta, GA MSA 4,112,198 2,959,950 1,152,248 38.9
12 Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA 3,876,380 3,192,582 683,798 21.4
13 Seattle--Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA 3,554,760 2,970,328 584,432 19.7
14 Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA 3,251,876 2,238,480 1,013,396 45.3
15 Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA 2,968,806 2,538,834 429,972 16.9
16 Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA 2,945,831 2,859,644 86,187 3.0
17 San Diego, CA MSA 2,813,833 2,498,016 315,817 12.6
18 St. Louis, MO--IL MSA 2,603,607 2,492,525 111,082 4.5
19 Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA 2,581,506 1,980,140 601,366 30.4
20 San Juan--Caguas--Arecibo, PR CMSA 2,450,292 2,270,808 179,484 7.9
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Foreign immigration and Southern born black
migration
Decade NetImmigration Immigration Index Black Migration from South Black Migration Index
1870 - 1880 1,876,000 36.2 68,000 35.1
1880 - 1890 3,757,000 72.4 88,000 45.4
1890 - 1900 2,888,000 55.7 185,000 95.4
1900 - 1910 5,188,000 100.0 194,000 100.0
1910 - 1920 2,888,000 55.7 555,000 286.1
1920 - 1930 2,443,000 47.1 903,000 465.5
1930 - 1940 -122,000 -2.4 480,000 247.4
1940 - 1950 974,000 18.8 1,581,000 814.9
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Segregation in U.S. cities

1. 1890-1940 Birth of the ghetto
2. 1940-1970 Consolidation and expansion of the
   ghetto
3. 1970 1990 Decline in segregation nationwide

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Reasons for segregation

• Around 1950 Segregation enforced by whites
  limiting blacks access to white neighborhoods
• In 1990 Whites pay more for the same type of
  housing in neighborhoods without blacks.

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Index of dissimilarity

• N is the total number of neighborhoods
• Value of index ranges from 0-1
• Measures the share of either the black or white
  population would need to change areas for the
  races to be evenly distributed in a city
• lt 0.3 is considered low
• 0.3 0.6 is moderate
• gt 0.6 is considered high

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A foot in the door
1940 1960 1960 1990 1990
  City City Suburbs City Suburbs
Number of census tracts in all cities 6,113 13,310 9,378 16,664 27,183
Percentage of tracts with black share
Exactly zero 21.2 19.6 22.3 7.3 14.7
0-1 39.1 36.2 48.0 10.2 25.0
1-5 15.6 12.4 13.3 23.7 30.0
5-15 8.3 8.8 8.2 18.8 15.3
15-25 3.6 4.2 2.9 7.4 5.3
25-50 4.2 5.4 2.9 9.4 4.9
50-75 3.2 4.6 1.3 7.0 2.4
75-90 1.9 3.4 0.6 5.0 1.1
90-98 1.8 3.1 0.3 6.5 0.9
98-100 1.0 2.3 0.2 4.8 0.4
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Attitudinal changes
Year Whites agreeing
1963 60
1980 34
1996 13

• White people should have a right to keep blacks
  out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and
  blacks should respect that right.

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Recent changes in segregation
Measure Blacks From Whites Hispanics From Whites Asians From Whites
Index of Dissimarility
1980 73.9 51.0 41.8
1990 68.9 50.7 41.9
2000 65.2 51.6 42.2

Average Percentage change in decade
1980 to 1990 -5.8 0.7 1.9
1990 to 2000 -4.6 4.9 2.1

Number of Metropolises, by direction of change 1980-2000
Index of segregation higher in 2000 15 124 69
Index of segregation lower in 2000 240 86 47