Segregation

1
Segregation

• Civil Rights Era

Power point created by Robert Martinez Primary
Content History Alive! Images as Cited.
2

• The segregation of public accommodations got its
  approval from the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy
  v. Ferguson. This railroad case gave rise to many
  state laws legalizing segregation in public
  accommodations, theatres, restaurants, parks, and
  public transportation.

http//www.people.vcu.edu/toggel/399h
3

• Jim Crow laws established separate facilities for
  whites and blacks across the South (examples
  waiting rooms, restrooms, train cars, buses,
  theaters, restaurants, and park benches.)

http//www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb
/progress/plessy_2
4

• Although the Plessy decision stated that separate
  accommodations for the races must be equal, the
  reality was quite different.

http//www.cr.nps.gov/nR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/58iro
n/58visual3.htm
5

• Southern states spent far more on white schools
  than on black schools. Teachers in black schools
  got lower salaries and worked under more
  difficult conditions. They often lacked books and
  supplies, and their school facilities were
  frequently substandard.

http//www.amerika.nl/politiek/html/persoonlijkhed
en/marshall.htm
6

• In some schools, students had to gather firewood
  to heat their classrooms in the winter. Although
  white schools had bus systems, black students
  often had to walk miles to get to school.

http//brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
7

• African Americans experienced housing
  segregation. This came in two main forms. One was
  defacto segregation, which was established by
  practice and custom (tradition), rather than the
  law.

http//www.wou.edu/las/socsci/history/mulligm/outl
ines/202outlines/lec9mout.htm
8

• The other was de jure segregation, or segregation
  by law. De jure segregation occurred mostly in
  the South.

Separate But Equal ?
9

• Many white residents used informal measures to
  keep blacks out of their neighborhoods. One
  practice was the restrictive covenant. This was
  an agreement among neighbors not to sell or rent
  to African Americans or other racial minorities.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/alexadan/211923546/
10

• Restrictive covenants forced blacks into poor
  neighborhoods that were farther from jobs, public
  transport, or good schools.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/alexadan/211923546/
11
Segregation by Law

• De jure segregation was accomplished through
  racial zoning. These local laws defined where the
  different races could live.

http//www.pbs.org/fromswastikatojimcrow/racism.ht
ml
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Segregation Marriage

• Between 1870 and 1884, eleven southern states
  passed laws against miscegenation, or interracial
  marriage. The purity of the white race was the
  key concern regarding mixed marriages.

http//www.uniquecaketoppers.com/wedding20cake20
toppers206_inches_tall_most_popular.htm
13

• Few blacks held white-collar jobs, or jobs that
  do not involve manual labor. Most worked in
  agriculture or services. Their wages were much
  lower than those of whites. In 1940, the median
  income level of black men was less than half that
  of white men.

http//cti.itc.virginia.edu/aas405a/historicala.h
tml
14

• Southern whites found ways to disenfranchise, or
  deny voting rights to African Americans. In the
  years after Reconstruction, poll taxes and
  literacy tests kept many blacks from voting.

http//www-personal.umich.edu/mcountry/KennedyCiv
ilRights.htm
15

• Many southern states discourage blacks through
  use of the white primary. This was a primary
  election in which only whites could participate.

http//www.glynn.k12.ga.us/BHS/academics/junior/hu
nt/dantea24411/home2.html
16

• Texas was one state in which the white primary
  was used extensively. Texas Democrats used it to
  limit black participation in politics. In 1944,
  the Supreme Court declared white primaries
  unconstitutional.

http//www.hist.umn.edu/sargent/1308/out20week2
09_04.htm
17

• Gerrymandering is the practice of redrawing the
  lines of a voting district to give one party or
  group of voters and advantage.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/saranut/290333347/
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• Voting district lines were gerrymandered to break
  up large African American voting blocks. The
  goal was to dilute the black vote into a large
  white voting pool. Through gerrymandering, black
  voters were denied political influence (voice.)

http//pinkdome.com/archives/2006/07/redistricting
_f.html
19

• Jackie Robinson would become one of the greatest
  baseball players in the history of the game. In
  1944, as an army lieutenant stationed at Fort
  Hood, Texas, he was ordered to move to the back
  of a bus. Robinson refused and was later
  arrested, and nearly court-martialed for his
  actions.

http//history.sandiego.edu/gen/filmnotes/negrosol
dier2.html
20

• Over the course of his life, Robinson came to
  represent both the struggles of African Americans
  and their gradual advances in white-dominated
  society.

http//www.jackierobinsonwest.org/
21

• Jackie Robinson began his baseball career in the
  Negro Leagues after World War II. At the time,
  baseball was divided by the color line, a barrier
  created by custom, law, and economic differences
  that separated whites from nonwhites.

http//www.sportingnews.com/archives/jackie/photo4
.html
22

• In 1945, Robinson crossed the color line when the
  Brooklyn Dodgers hired him. Being the first black
  major league baseball player was not easy. Fans
  taunted him, and some of his own teammates
  resented playing with a black man. Players on
  opposing teams sometimes tried to bean him with
  the ball or spike him with their cleats.

23

• Plenty of times I wanted to haul off and fight
  when someone insulted me for the color of my
  skin, but I had to hold to myself. I knew I was
  kind of an experiment. The whole thing was bigger
  than me. Robinson overcame these challenges and
  eventually led his team to six league
  championships and one World Series victory.

http//www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/pd--12330114/sp--A
/Jackie_Robinson.htm
24

• Despite the valuable contributions of African
  American soldiers during World War II, the
  military remained segregated after the war. Many
  GIs returning from combat continued to face
  segregation at home, especially in the Jim Crow
  South.

http//americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features
/korea/b6.html
25

• President Truman knew that desegregation in the
  armed forces was necessary, not only on moral
  grounds but also for political reasons. Like many
  Americans, he recognized that it was hypocritical
  to fight Nazism and anti-Semitism abroad while
  maintaining a color line at home.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/deedeeq5724/130814425
5/
http//chnm.gmu.edu/courses/rr/s01/cw/students/lee
ann/historyandcollections/collections/exhibitpages
/afamkoreaexhibit/afamkoreaexhintro.htm
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Executive Order 9981

• On July 26, 1948, Truman signed Executive Order
  9981. With this order, desegregation became
  official policy in the armed forces.

http//www.mdk12.org/instruction/curriculum/hsa/us
_history/desegregation.html
27

• The fight to end segregation would never have
  succeeded without the determined efforts of civil
  rights activists. Many Americans worked
  tirelessly for various organizations dedicated to
  achieving equal rights.

28

• The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in
  Chicago 1942, by a group of students, was
  committed to nonviolent direct action as a means
  of changes.

http//www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/Photo
Album/civil_rights.cfm
29

• The National Urban League, formed in response to
  the Great Migration of blacks to northern cities,
  focused on helping African Americans achieve
  success in the North. It promoted educational and
  employment opportunities for African Americans.
  During WWII, the Urban League helped integrate
  defense plants.

http//www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/Photo
Album/civil_rights.cfm
30

• The National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP), the oldest major civil
  rights organization, founded in 1909, continued
  its efforts to promote civil rights legislation.
  In 1939, the group established a legal arm for
  civil rights to promote civil rights actions, the
  NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

http//www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/Photo
Album/civil_rights.cfm
31

• In 1940, Thurgood Marshall became the head of the
  Legal Defense and Educational Fund, which focused
  on defeating segregation through the court
  system. Its main weapon was the equal protection
  clause of the 14th Amendment. This clause
  prohibits states from denying any person equal
  protection of the laws.

Thurgood Marshall (center).
http//brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
32

• Thurgood Marshall was denied admission the
  University of Maryland because he was not white.
  He went on to earn a law degree from Howard
  University. In one of Marshalls first legal
  victories, he sued the University of Maryland for
  its race-based policy. Marshall later served on
  the Supreme Court.

http//www.law.du.edu/chen/Constitutional20Law/Co
nLawSyllabus.htm
http//www.uscourts.gov/ttb/feb03ttb/newstamp.html

33

• In the 1930s and 1940s, the Supreme Court began
  to strike down Jim Crow laws. In 1935, the Court
  ordered the University of Maryland to admit a
  black student. Later it declared white primaries
  unconstitutional and barred segregation on
  interstate transport (example buses).

34

• In 1947, the Supreme Court ruled that states
  could not enforce restrictive covenants. As a
  result, many city neighborhoods became
  desegregated.

http//www.queervisions.com/protect.html
35

• The NAACPs legal campaign triumphed in 1954,
  when the Supreme Court issued the Brown v. Board
  of Education decision. This ruling declared
  segregation in public schools to be
  unconstitutional (14th Amendment) and undermined
  the legal basis for segregation in other areas of
  American life.

http//brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
36

• In 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus,
  supporter of segregation (separation of races),
  ordered the National Guard to turn away the
  Little Rock Nine nine African American
  students who had volunteered to integrate Little
  Rocks Central High School.

http//teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au/history/hsty3080/
3rdYr3080/ClementHSTY3080
37

• A federal judge ordered the governor to let the
  students into the school. NAACP members called
  eight of the students and arranged to drive them
  to school.

http//lcweb.loc.gov/loc/kidslc/kllr.html
http//www.flickr.com/photos/38952296_at_N00/14327143
63/
38

• They could not reach the ninth student, Elizabeth
  Eckford, who did not have a phone. Outside
  Central High, Eckford faced an abusive crowd.
  Terrified, the 15-year-old made it to a bus stop
  where two friendly whites stayed with her.

http//www.glynn.k12.ga.us/pwilliam/BHS/academics
/junior/hunt/johnathonh26222/home.html
39

• The crisis in Little Rock forced President
  Eisenhower to act. He placed the Arkansas
  National Guard under federal control and ordered
  a thousand paratroopers into Little Rock. Under
  the watch of soldiers, the nine African American
  teenagers attended class.

http//www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/99-4_00-1NR/
Ashmore_South.html
40

• But even these soldiers could not protect the
  students from confrontations in stairways,
  hallways, and the cafeteria from unruly white
  students. At the end of the year, the Arkansas
  governor closed Central High rather than let
  integration continue.

http//www.thelostyear.com/
41

• On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and
  an NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of
  the colored section of a Montgomery bus. As the
  bus filled, the driver ordered Parks and three
  other African American passengers to empty the
  row they were occupying so that a white man could
  sit down.

http//www.blogexplosion.com/click.php?BannerID11
382
42

• It was time for someone to stand up or in my
  case, sit down, I refused to move, recalled
  Rosa Parks. As Parks stared out the window, the
  bus driver said, If you dont stand up, Im
  going to call the police and have you arrested.
  The soft-spoken Parks replied, You may do that.

http//bball.over-blog.com/article-1073901.html
43

• News of Parkss arrest spread rapidly. The
  leaders of the African-American community formed
  the Montgomery Improvement Association to
  organize a bus boycott. They elected a young
  26-year-old pastor, Martin Luther King, Jr., to
  lead the group.

http//www.pubtheo.com/page.asp?pid1592
44

• Kings passionate and eloquent speech pulled the
  black community together. African Americans filed
  a lawsuit and for 381 days refused to ride the
  buses of Montgomery. In 1956, the Supreme Court
  outlawed bus segregation.

http//www.pestaola.gr/2006/04/20/martin-luther-ki
ng-jr-quote
45

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott proved the power of
  nonviolent resistance, the peaceful refusal to
  obey unjust laws.

The famous bus of Rosa Parks.
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• We will not hate you, but we cannotobey your
  unjust lawsWe will soon wear you down by our
  capacity to suffer. And in winning our freedom,
  we will so appeal to your heart and conscience
  that we will win you in the process.
• - Martin Luther King,
  Jr.

47

• After the bus boycott ended, King joined with
  ministers and civil rights leaders in 1957 to
  found the Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference. African American churches became a
  foundation for the Civil Rights Movement.

http//www.medaloffreedom.com/MartinLutherKingJr.h
tm
48

• There was no denying the ugly face of racism. Day
  after day, news reporters captured the scenes of
  whites beating, jeering at, and pouring food over
  black students who refused to strike back during
  sit-ins. The media coverage sparked many sit-ins
  across the South.

http//www.glynn.k12.ga.us/pwilliam/BHS/academics
/junior/hunt/johnathonh26222/home.html
49

• Store managers called in the police, raised the
  price of food, and removed counter seats. But the
  movement continued. The students endured arrests,
  beatings, suspension from college, and tear gas
  and fire hoses, but the army of nonviolent black
  students refused to back down.

http//www.enclave-nashville.blogspot.com/