Chapter 2 Molecules of Life

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Chapter 2 Molecules of Life

• High School Biology Class

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Biochemistry Terms

• Organic Compounds Carbon containing compounds
  produced by living organisms.
• Macromolecule when smaller molecules join
  together to form a larger more complex molecule.

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Important Macromolecules

• There are four types of macromolecules that make
  up all living organisms

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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1) Carbohydrates

• Organic macromolecules composed of carbon,
  hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one carbon,
  two hydrogen, and one oxygen.
• (i.e. CH2O, C6H12O6, etc.)

• Carbohydrates are great sources of energy because
  their bonds store lots of energy.

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i) Simple

• Simple Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)
• Glucose from a plant
• Fructose from fruits on a plant
• Galactose from milk
• Glucose Fructose

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ii) Complex

• Complex Disaccharides (C12H24O12)
• Sucrose glucose fructose
• Lactose glucose galactose
• Maltose glucose glucose

Sucrose
Lactose
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iii) Very Complex

• Very Complex Polysaccharides (CxHyOx)
• Starch is stored in parts of plants like grains
  potatoes
• Cellulose is found in plant cell walls wood
• Glycogen is stored in animal livers muscles

Cellulose
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Interesting Facts

• Cellulose is made of many glucose subunits.
• When we eat cellulose it passes through our body
  undigested (this is good for dietary fiber).
• On the other hand, cows horses have very tiny
  microorganisms in their stomachs which can
  breakdown cellulose. Thus they are then able to
  digest it and receive the stored energy inside.

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2) Lipids

• Organic macromolecules that are not soluble (do
  not dissolve) in water and are useful for storing
  energy.

• Lipids are better for storing energy because they
  contain a lot more bonds than do carbohydrates.

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Lipid Types

• There are three basic types of lipids

• Fats energy storage
• Steroids hormones cholesterol
• Waxes protective coatings

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i) Two Types of Fats

• Saturated most carbon atoms are bonded to two
  hydrogen atoms.
• Mostly solids like butter, lard, grease
• Can lead to heart disease

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i) Two Types of Fats

• Unsaturated most carbon atoms are
• bonded to one hydrogen atom.
• Mostly liquids like corn oil, olive oil, fish oil
• Usually a healthier alternative

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ii) Steroids

• Organic macromolecules composed of four carbon
  rings.
• Found in hormones (increase cell growth), nerve
  tissues, and plant poisons.

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iii) Waxes

• Organic macromolecules that serves as a
  protective coating and is waterproof.
• Plants have a thin layer on their leaves
• Animals produce earwax

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3) Proteins

• Organic macromolecules that are the building
  blocks of cells (muscles, skin, blood, etc.) and
  enzymes.

• Our bodies contain thousands of different
  proteins.
• Proteins are made of very long chains of amino
  acids put together like beads on a necklace.

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• There are 20 different types of amino acids and
  they can form new proteins based upon their order
  and the number of them present in a protein chain.

Generalized Amino Acid
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Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that help control chemical
  reactions by acting as catalysts.
• Catalysts can speed up some reactions by more
  than a billion fold.

• Enzymes work by a physical fit (Lock and Key)
  between the enzyme and the substrate.
• When connected the enzyme lowers the activation
  energy needed for the chemical reaction.

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Nucleic
Acids
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4) Nucleic Acids

• Organic macromolecules that are used to control
  an organisms genetic or heredity information.

• Nucleic acids are made up of very long chains of
  nucleotides.

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i) Types of Nucleic Acids

• There are two types of nucleic acids
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• directs all cell activities and codes for genes
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• directs proteins creation and transfers
  information

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Any Questions?

• If we were meant to talk more than listen, we
  would have two mouths and one ear. --Mark
  Twain
• There is nothing so captivating as new
  knowledge.
• --Peter Latham