Natural History of Iowas Major Fish Families

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Natural History of Iowas Major Fish Families
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Learning Objectives

• You should be able to
• Provide key identification characteristics for
  each of the major fish families in Iowa
• Describe factors and issues facing fishes in Iowa
• Anthropogenic disturbances
• Abiotic
• Biotic
• Other
• Describe how the ecology of fish might influence
  its ability to persist and management or
  conservation activities

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Overview
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum
Myxini Class Myxinihagfish Subphylum
Vertebrata Superclass Agnatha Class
Cephalaspidomorphilamprey Superclass
Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyessharks,
rays, skates Class Osteichthyesbony fishes
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Overview
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum
Myxini Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass
Agnatha Class Cephalaspidomorphi Order
Petromyzontiformes Family Petromyzontidaelam
preys
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Petromyzontidae

• 3 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Lack jaws (disk or buccal funnel)
• Anguilliform body shape
• No paired fins

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Many consume algae and inverts
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Great Lakes

• Lake Ontario in early 1800s
• Upper lakes in late 1800s
• Welland Canal (1829)

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Great Lakes

• Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) established
  in 1955
• 1950s and 1960s
• Developed a selective chemical
• 16 million per year

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Acipenseriformes Family Polyodontidaepaddlef
ish Family Acipenseridaesturgeons
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Polyodontidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Jaws present (everything from here on out will
  have jaws)
• Mouth entirely behind eye
• Heterocercal tail
• Long snout
• Two very small barbels
• Lacks bony plates

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Polyodontidae

• Recreational fisheries
• Commercial harvest

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Acipenseridae

• 3 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Mouth entirely behind eye
• Heterocercal tail
• Shovel- or conical-shaped snout
• 4 barbels on underside of snout
• Bony plates present

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Acipenseridae

• Nearly 70 of the species are recently extinct,
  endangered, or threatened
• Why?

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Caviar Industry
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Caviar Russe
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Caviar Russe
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Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pools 12-26)
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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Lepisosteiformes Family Lepisosteidaegars
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Lepisosteidae

• 2 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Mouth not entirely behind eye (everything from
  here on out will be this way)
• Sagittiform body shape
• Continuous sheath of hard scales
• Bony mouth with lots of teeth

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Siluriformes Family Ictaluridaecatfishes
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Ictaluridae

• 10 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Adipose fin present
• Lacks scales
• Short, stout pectoral spine

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Channel Catfish

• 1 or 2 sport fish harvest in midwest
• Commercial harvest
• Aquaculture industry

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Salmoniformes Family Salmonidaetrout
and salmon Family Osmeridaesmelts
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Salmonidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Adipose fin present
• Scales are present
• No spines
• Axillary appendage present on pelvic fin base

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Salmonidae
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Historical Distribution
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Behnke 2002
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Historical Distribution
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• Predation Competition Hybridization
• Rainbow trout
• Brook trout
• Brown trout
• Lake trout

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Anguilliformes Family Anguillidaeeels
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Anguillidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Adipose fin absent (everything from here on out
  will lack an adipose fin)
• Anguilliform
• Pelvic fin absent
• Continuous dorsal, caudal, and anal fins

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Life History

• Catadromous
• Not just the ocean

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Amiiformes Family Amiidaebowfin
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Amiidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Single dorsal fin without spines
• Gular plate present
• Long dorsal fin (gt1/2 TL)
• Small flaps on nostril

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Caviar Russe
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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Esociformes Family Esocidaepikes Family
Umbridaemudminnows
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Esocidae

• 3 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Single dorsal fin without spines
• Forked tail, no scales on head
• Duck-bill mouth with many backward-projecting
  teeth
• Sagittiform
• Scales present on cheek and/or operculum

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Clupeiformes Family Clupeidaeshad and
herrings
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Clupeidae

• 2 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Single dorsal fin without spines
• Forked tail, no scales on head
• Compressiform
• Axillary process present on pelvic fin
• Lateral line absent
• Keel on belly with sharp, saw-like projections

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Clupeidae
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Clupeidae

• Gizzard shad can be very abundant
• Adults
• Larvae and juveniles

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Clupeidae
Adult GZS
L/J GZS
L/J/A BLG
LMB
Zooplankton
Nutrients
Phytoplankton
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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Osteoglossiformes Family Hiodontidaemooneyes
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Hiodontidae

• 2 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Single dorsal fin without spines
• Forked tail, no scales on head
• Compressiform
• Lots of teeth on top and bottom of mouth,
  including the tongue
• Axillary process present on pelvic fin
• Lateral line present
• Keel on belly without sharp, saw-like
  projections

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidaeminnows Fa
mily Catostomidaesuckers
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Cyprinidae

• 50 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Single dorsal fin without spines (if present, one
  single spine on dorsal finonly one in Iowa)
• Forked tail, no scales on head
• Axillary process absent (same from here on out)
• Keel on belly without sharp, saw-like projections
  (same from here on out)
• Anal fin to base of tail gt 2.5X distance from
  anal fin to end of snout
• If not the case, 8 dorsal fin rays or dorsal and
  anal fins with one spine

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Cyprinidae

• Morphology is HIGHLY diverse
• Ecology is equally or more diverse!

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Common Carp

• In Europe, common carp are highly prized
• Many problems

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Catostomidae

• 16 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Anal fin to base of tail lt 2.5X distance from
  anal fin to end of snout
• Subterminal or inferior mouth, usually with
  fleshy lips
• 10 or more dorsal fin rays (rarely 9)
• No spines

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Commercial Harvest
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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Cyprinodontiformes Family Fundulidaekillifish
es
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Fundulidae

• 4 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Round tail
• Lateral line absent
• Superior mouth
• Scales present on top of head

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Gadiformes Family Gadidaecods
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Gadidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Two dorsal fins without spines
• Barbel on chin
• Soft, long dorsal fin (2nd one)

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Atheriniformes Family Atherinidaesilversides
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Atherinidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• 2 dorsal fins that are widely separated
• Insertion of pectoral fin is in-line with top
  of operculum
• Long and slender body shape
• Almost always have a bright silver streak on side
  of body

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Scorpaeniformes Family Cottidaesculpins
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Cottidae

• 2 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• 1 or 2 dorsal fins (same for everything here on
  out)
• Spinous dorsal fin (4 or more spinessame for
  everything here on out)
• Slight depressiform shape
• Spines relatively soft and flexible
• No scales
• Pelvic fin with one spine and 3-4 soft rays

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Overview
Superclass Gnathostomata Class
Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Order
Perciformes Family Moronidaetemperate
basses Family Centrarchidaesunfishes
Family Percidaeperches Family
Sciaenidaedrums
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Moronidae

• 2 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Spines hard and not flexible (same here on out)
• Scales present (same here on out)
• Pelvic fin with one spine and gt 5 soft rays (same
  here on out)
• Anal fin with gt 3 spines (rarely 2)
• Spinous and soft dorsal fins separate or slightly
  connected
• Sharp spine near back of operculum
• Horizontally-striped bodies

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Lake Anita
Audubon Co.
Shelby Co.
Harrison Co.
Cass Co.
Adair Co.
Pottawattamie Co.
Montgomery Co.
Mills Co.
Fremont Co.
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How did they get in?
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Centrarchidae

• 13 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Anal fin with gt 3 spines (rarely 2)
• Usually have a compressiform or slight fusiform
  shape
• Spinous and soft dorsal fins well connected or,
  at most, a deep notch between them
• No sharp spine near back of operculum

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Percidae

• 19 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Anal fin with 1 or 2 spines
• Soft dorsal fin not longer than spinous dorsal
  fin

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Sciaenidae

• 1 native species in Iowa
• Identification
• Anal fin with 1 or 2 spines
• Deep-bodied
• Soft dorsal fin much longer than spinous dorsal
  fin
• Subterminal mouth