Environment Friendly Vehicles the Indian Experience

1
Environment Friendly Vehicles the Indian
Experience

• N. V. Iyer
• Adviser (Technical)
• Bajaj Auto Ltd., Pune, India
• National Workshop on Urban Air Quality Management
  and Integrated Traffic Management for Karachi
• September 13 - 14, 2006
• Karachi

2
Road to Reduced Pollution from Transport Vehicles
Reduced Pollution From Transport
Improved Quality of Conventional Fuels
Alternative Fuels
New Vehicle Emission Standards
In-Use Vehicle Emission Standards
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY VEHICLES
3
Indian Experience

• Programs at the National Level
• Mass emission standards for new vehicles
• Technology developments
• Emission reduction achieved
• Control of PM emissions from two-stroke vehicles
• Promotion of alternative fuel vehicles
• Emission standards for in-use vehicles
• Programs at local levels Delhi
• Key initiatives taken in Delhi
• Impact of Delhi initiatives on air quality
• Recommendations of Lahore workshop
• Conclusions
• Recommendations

4
Phased Implementation of Mass Emission Standards
4-Wheelers
DELHI, MUMBAI, KOLKATA, CHENNAI BANGALORE,
HYDERABAD, AHMEDABAD, PUNE, SURAT,KANPUR, AGRA
per cent by mass
5
Phased Implementation of Mass Emission Standards
2 3-Wheelers
Preferably by year 2008
6
Current Future Vehicular Emission Standards in
India
7
Technologies Used to Meet New Vehicle Emission
Standards 4-Wheelers
8
Technologies to Meet New Vehicle Emission
Standards 23-Wheelers
Mass emission standards for two and
three-wheelers, being unique to India and
representing higher levels of stringency, proved
to be technology forcing leading to the
adoption innovative new techonolgies
9
Reduction in Emissions with Introduction of
Progressively Stringent Emission Standards Cars
CVs
10
Reduction in Emissions with Introduction of
Progressively Stringent Emission Standards 2
3-Wheelers
11
Control of PM Emissions of 2-Stroke Engines
Source JAMA
Proper Quantity of Oil Achieved by dispensing
oil pre-mixed with petrol Proper Quality of Oil
Mandating minimum quality level (JASO FC) of
oil Use of Oxidation Catalytic Converter
Required for meeting gaseous emission standards
12
Changes in Technology Choice Resulting from
Consumer Preferences Emission Standards
The proportions of 2-stroke and 4-stroke have
been calculated based on a study of the sales
figures of various companies obtained
from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
(SIAM) and from the knowledge of the models
produced by manufacturers
13
Comparative Emission Performance of Typical
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Four-wheeled
vehicles
14
Comparative Emission Performance of Typical
Alternate Fuel Vehicles 23-Wheelers
(based on data from Bajaj Auto) NMHC
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons RHC Reactive
Hydrocarbons
15
Emissions from In-Use Vehicles Control Options

• Sound Inspection Maintenance Programme
• Establish in-use emission standards
• The current PUC system is expected to fulfill
  this requirement Present system needs
  improvements to be more effective
• Introduction of pre-mixed 2-Stroke (2-T) oil
• Phasing out old vehicles
• Replacing these with new ones meeting latest
  emission standards or
• Replacing by those running on alternate fuels
• Upgradation of old vehicles
• Retrofitment of catalytic converters - will be
  effective only on post-1996 vehicles

16
Indian In-Use Vehcle Emission Standards
Petrol/CNG/LPG Driven vehicles
Diesel vehicles
17
Inadequacy of the Present PUC System in India

• No government supervision of the large number of
  privately owned centers
• No quality assurance to verify correctness of
  certificates Test equipment not calibrated
  periodically
• Certificate issuing system not foolproof
• Fraudulent practices followed by many centres,
  issue of certificates even without testing
• Test centres allowed to carry out repairs
  Creates vested interests

18
Features of the Proposed IC Centres in Delhi

• Well-equipped centralized test-only centres
• Completely automated to prevent discretion /
  manipulation.
• Centres to be managed by private agencies subject
  to independent third party audits.
• Government role limited to regulation and
  enforcement through random checking.
• Only commercial vehicles to be tested in the
  first phase, such as auto-rickshaws, taxis, light
  and heavy-duty buses, light and heavy-duty goods
  carriages

Source Government of NCT of Delhi, Meeting of
the Asian Cities Network for Controlling Vehicle
Emissions, November 8-9, 2004
19
Key Initiatives Taken in Delhi
20
SOURCE CPCB
21
Annual Average RSPM Concentration
Source Sameer Akbar, Ten Years of Urban Air
Quality Management in India, Findings of a
Recent Study Across Five Cities, Workshop on
Urban Air Quality Management in India Progress
and Future Challenges, New Delhi, October 18-19,
2004
22
Changes in RSPM Levels (ug/m3)and their Economic
Impact
Source Sameer Akbar, Ten Years of Urban Air
Quality Management in India, Findings of a
Recent Study Across Five Cities, Workshop on
Urban Air Quality Management in India Progress
and Future Challenges, New Delhi, October 18-19,
2004
23
Recommendations Made in the Workshop at Lahore
in December 2004 (1/3)
New Vehicle Emission Standards and Corresponding
Fuel Quality for Metro Cities

• Lahore, Karachi,Rawalpindi/
• Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta
• Timings of Euro III and IV tentative and in
  need of further review and discussion

New Vehicle Emission Standards and Corresponding
Fuel Quality for Whole Country
Timings are tentative and need to be reviewed
to determine whether these can be speeded up.
24
In-use Vehicle Emission Standards
Recommendations Made in the Workshop at Lahore
in December 2004(2/3)
Further revisions will be required after 2007
based on the introduction of tighter emission
standards for new vehicles
25
Recommendations Made in the Workshop at Lahore
in December 2004(3/3)
Fuel Substitution, Purpose To target
particulate emissions from vehicles

• The program will target high emitters of PM which
  are public transport on diesel and two stroke 3
  wheelers
• Strategy for 3 wheelers Phase out plan
• Complete phase out in 6 months to 2 years
• Replacement as the preferred option, conversion
  of 2 stroke is not desirable
• Cap age, In the phase out, target the older
  vehicles then, the newer ones
• Simultaneous to the phase out, take the decision
  that all new registration will be 4 stroke CNG 3
  wheelers

• Strategy for Buses
• Cap age
• First phase, older buses then, newer buses
• Order of preference
• First priority replace with new dedicated CNG
  buses
• Second priority re-powering (replace old engine
  with new engine)
• Simple retrofit of old diesel engines in NOT
  recommended

26
Conclusions

• Indian experience shows that making the vehicles
  more environment friendly is an important part of
  the many measures that need to be taken to
  improve urban air quality. This requires
• The introduction of progressively stringent
  emission standards for new vehicles and assuring
  availability of fuel of required quality to
  encourage the adoption of low emission
  technologies.
• Adopting a system of centralized test-only
  centres in the private sector under government
  supervision to ensure compliance to in-use
  standards. A system of decentralized test and
  repair centres in the private sector is not found
  to be effective.
• Substitution of CNG in diesel vehicles which is
  effective in reducing PM and NOx emissions. There
  could be an increase in NOx emissions when CNG is
  used to substitute petrol

27
Recommendations

• Expedite the adoption of mass emission standards
  for new vehicles along with the supply of fuel of
  required quality as per the recommendation of the
  Lahore Workshop
• Expedite the adoption of in-use emission
  standards and ensure their compliance by setting
  up centralized test-only centres in the private
  sector. Combining the emission inspection with
  safety inspection improves the commercial
  viability of the independent centre
• Selectively introduce CNG in areas where the gas
  is readily available. Good candidates are public
  transport vehicles such as buses, taxis and
  auto-rickshaws

28
Thank you !
ltnarayan_iyer2000_at_yahoo.comgt