PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY

1
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress)  
2
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss)  
3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
 
4
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop  
5
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
6
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
hairs that trap air and reduce heat loss by
convection  
7
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
hairs that trap air and reduce heat loss by
convection reduce conductance  
8
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
hairs that trap air and reduce heat loss by
convection reduce conductance with thick waxy
leaves  
9
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
hairs that trap air and reduce heat loss by
convection reduce conductance with thick waxy
leaves super-freezing drop below 0C rapidly
prevents crystallization and tissue damage.  
10
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions I.
Tolerance Limits II. Flux - Exchange of Energy /
Matter with the Environment III. Temperature
A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation C.
Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations to
drought stress) 1. Adaptations to Cold
(reduce energy/heat loss) reduce surface area
cushion growth form, leaf drop reduce gradient
hairs that trap air and reduce heat loss by
convection reduce conductance with thick waxy
leaves super-freezing drop below 0C rapidly
prevents crystallization and tissue damage.
thermogenesis metabolic heat production -
skunk cabbage  
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thermogenesis metabolic heat production - skunk
cabbage  
"wafting fumes"
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• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• I. Tolerance Limits
• II. Flux - Exchange of Energy / Matter with the
  Environment
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• 1. Adaptations to Cold (reduce
  energy/heat loss)
• 2. Adaptations to Heat (reduce energy
  absorption or increase loss)
•  

13

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• I. Tolerance Limits
• II. Flux - Exchange of Energy / Matter with the
  Environment
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• 1. Adaptations to Cold (reduce
  energy/heat loss)
• 2. Adaptations to Heat (reduce energy
  absorption or increase loss)
• reduce absorption of radiation - decrease leaf
  size, change angle of leaves (tortifoliation,
  wilting), reflect radiation (hairs) or leaf drop
•  

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•  

tortifolation - Turkey oak (sand hills)
small leaves
leaf die back and drop due to drought and heat
stress
leaf hairs - reflect light and collect dew
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• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• I. Tolerance Limits
• II. Flux - Exchange of Energy / Matter with the
  Environment
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• 1. Adaptations to Cold (reduce
  energy/heat loss)
• 2. Adaptations to Heat (reduce energy
  absorption or increase loss)
• reduce absorption of radiation - decrease leaf
  size, change angle of leaves (tortifoliation,
  wilting), reflect radiation (hairs) or leaf drop
• increase surface area/V increase edge/SA ratios,
  and increase SA/V ratios - maximize the loss of
  absorbed heat energy
•  

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• increase surface area/V increase edge/SA ratios,
  and increase SA/V ratios - maximize the loss of
  absorbed heat energy
•  

shade leaf - broad
sun leaf - deeply cut narrow
17

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• I. Tolerance Limits
• II. Flux - Exchange of Energy / Matter with the
  Environment
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• 1. Adaptations to Cold (reduce
  energy/heat loss)
• 2. Adaptations to Heat (reduce energy
  absorption or increase loss)
• reduce absorption of radiation - decrease leaf
  size, change angle of leaves (tortifoliation,
  wilting), reflect radiation (hairs) or leaf drop
• increase surface area/V increase edge/SA ratios,
  and increase SA/V ratios - maximize the loss of
  absorbed heat energy
• increase gradient (decrease temp by evaporation
  and loss of latent heat - not possible in hot DRY
  environments)

18

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• - maximize the loss of absorbed heat energy
• increase gradient (decrease temp by evaporation
  and loss of latent heat - not possible in hot DRY
  environments)
•  

19

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• I. Tolerance Limits
• II. Flux - Exchange of Energy / Matter with the
  Environment
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• 1. Adaptations to Cold (reduce
  energy/heat loss)
• 2. Adaptations to Heat (reduce energy
  absorption or increase loss)
• reduce absorption of radiation - decrease leaf
  size, change angle of leaves (tortifoliation,
  wilting), reflect radiation (hairs) or leaf drop
• increase surface area/V increase edge/SA ratios,
  and increase SA/V ratios - maximize the loss of
  absorbed heat energy
• increase gradient (decrease temp by evaporation
  and loss of latent heat - not possible in hot DRY
  environments)
• increase conductance reduce insulation - but
  problem - water loss

20

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
•  

21
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions III.
Temperature A. Physiological Effects of
Thermal Extremes B. Strategies for Temperature
Regulation C. Plant Adaptations (similar to
adaptations to drought stress) D. Animal
Adaptations 1. Adaptations to Cold  
22

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Larger body size with
  decreased temp (Bergman's Rule)
•  

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White-tailed Deer
Bears
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humans
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• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Larger body size with
  decreased temp (Bergman's Rule), shorter
  appendages with decreased temp (Allen's Rule)
•  

26

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Larger body size with
  decreased temp (Bergman's Rule), longer
  appendages with increased temp (Allen's Rule)
•  

27

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Bergmann and Allen
• reduce gradient boundary layer (hair, feathers)
  reduce surface blood flow reduce activity/body
  temp when cold (torpor, hibernation) counter
  current in appendages
•  

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• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Bergmann and Allen
• reduce gradient boundary layer (hair, feathers)
  reduce surface blood flow reduce activity/body
  temp when cold (torpor, hibernation) counter
  current in appendages
• reduce conductance fat distribution
•  

31

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• reduce SA/V ratio Bergmann and Allen
• reduce gradient boundary layer (hair, feathers)
  reduce surface blood flow reduce activity/body
  temp when cold (torpor, hibernation) counter
  current in appendages
• reduce conductance fat distribution
• Homeothermy - benefit metab/behavior indep of
  env. temp - cost high metabolic demand and
  maximal gradient
•  

32

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• 2. Adaptations to Heat
•  

33
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions III.
Temperature A. Physiological Effects of
Thermal Extremes B. Strategies for Temperature
Regulation C. Plant Adaptations (similar to
adaptations to drought stress) D. Animal
Adaptations 1. Adaptations to Cold 2.
Adaptations to Heat increase SA/V ratio small
size, big ears to radiate heat  
34
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - The response of single
organisms to environmental conditions III.
Temperature A. Physiological Effects of
Thermal Extremes B. Strategies for Temperature
Regulation C. Plant Adaptations (similar to
adaptations to drought stress) D. Animal
Adaptations 1. Adaptations to Cold 2.
Adaptations to Heat increase SA/V ratio small
size, big ears to radiate heat increase
gradient evaporative cooling increase surface
blood flow reduced hair/feathers  
35

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• A. Physiological Effects of Thermal Extremes
• B. Strategies for Temperature Regulation
• C. Plant Adaptations (similar to adaptations
  to drought stress)
• D. Animal Adaptations
• 1. Adaptations to Cold
• 2. Adaptations to Heat
• increase SA/V ratio small size, big ears to
  radiate heat
• increase gradient evaporative cooling increase
  surface blood flow reduced hair/feathers
• increase conductance concentrate fat deposits
•  

36

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
•  

37

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
•  

38

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• 1. desert (little water at all, air is dry)
•  

39

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• 1. desert (little water at all, air is dry)
• 2. alpine and arctic tundra (water is solid air
  is dry)
•  

40

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• 1. desert (little water at all, air is dry)
• 2. alpine and arctic tundra (water is solid air
  is dry)
• 3. seasonal environments with a strong winter
  (same as above)
•  

41

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• 1. desert (little water at all, air is dry)
• 2. alpine and arctic tundra (water is solid air
  is dry)
• 3. seasonal environments with a strong winter
  (same as above)
• 4. marine and hypersaline environments (ionic
  pressure for water loss)
•  

42

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
•  

43

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
•  

44

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• a. reduce leaf size (conifers in dry hab's cacti
  in deserts)
•  

45

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• a. reduce leaf size (conifers in subalpine cacti
  in deserts)
• b. fleshy leaves (increase relative volume) -
  conifers have tubular leaves - lower SA/V than
  flat, planar leaves succulents in desert marine
  algae - kelp - fleshy
•  

46

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• a. reduce leaf size (conifers in subalpine cacti
  in deserts)
• b. fleshy leaves (increase relative volume) -
  conifers have tubular leaves - lower SA/V than
  flat, planar leaves succulents in desert marine
  algae - kelp - fleshy
• c. Lose leaves when stressed (winter or drought)
•  

47

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• a. reduce leaf size (conifers in subalpine cacti
  in deserts)
• b. fleshy leaves (increase relative volume) -
  conifers have tubular leaves - lower SA/V than
  flat, planar leaves succulents in desert marine
  algae - kelp - fleshy
• c. Lose leaves when stressed (winter or drought)
• d. round, low growth form reduce organismal
  surface area
•  

48

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
•  

49

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• a. round, low growth form - create internal
  microenvironment
•  

50

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• a. round, low growth form - create internal
  microenvironment
• b. retain dead leaves for insulation
•  

51

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• a. round, low growth form - create internal
  microenvironment
• b. retain dead leaves for insulation (cushion
  plants)
• c. hairs on leaves and stem - create boundary
  layer that traps air and moisture and reduces
  gradient between org. and immediate environment.
•  

52

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• a. round, low growth form - create internal
  microenvironment
• b. retain dead leaves for insulation (cushion
  plants)
• c. hairs on leaves and stem - create boundary
  layer that traps air and moisture and reduces
  gradient between org. and immediate environment.
•  

53

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• a. round, low growth form - create internal
  microenvironment
• b. retain dead leaves for insulation (cushion
  plants)
• c. hairs on leaves and stem - create boundary
  layer that traps air and moisture and reduces
  gradient between org. and immediate environment.
• d. retain Salts - decrease gradient between
  saline env. and tissue
•  

54

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• 3. Decrease Conductance
•  

55

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• 3. Decrease Conductance
•  

56

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• 3. Decrease Conductance
• a. Waxes and oils reduce water loss from surface
  store water
• b. fewer stomata/unit area
•  

57

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• - The response of single organisms to
  environmental conditions
• III. Temperature
• IV. Water Balance
• A. Habitats With Reduced Water Availability
• B. Plant Adaptations to "drought" stress
• 1. Reduce SA/V ratios under stress
• 2. Decrease Gradient
• 3. Decrease Conductance
• a. Waxes and oils reduce water loss from surface
  store water
• b. fewer stomata/unit area
• c. close stomata....... TANGENT!!
•