Distillation

1
Distillation

• Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
• Enriching section (top)
• Lighter products (usually desired)
• Condense
• Reflux ratio
• Stripping section (bottom)
• Heavier products
• Boiling

2
Chemical Reactors/Reactions

• Thermodynamics (equilibrium conversion, yield,
  etc.)
• Kinetics
• Reactor size
• Residence time
• Product yields (maximize as a function of time)

3
Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

• Equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy
• Equilibrium constant and activities
• Example

4
Activities

• Phase matters
• Gas mixtures (low to moderate pressures)
• Liquid mixtures (low to moderate pressures)
• Solids (low to moderate pressures)

5
Example

• Water-Gas Shift Reaction
• Find equilibrium constant (Ka) vs. temperature