Main messages

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Main messages
Global Monitoring Report 2007 Confronting the
Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States
Briefing to the United Nations Economic and
Social Council June 5, 2007 Presented
by François Bourguignon, Sr. Vice President
Chief Economist, World Bank Mark Sundberg, Lead
Author of GMR 2007, World Bank Mayra Buvinic,
Director, Gender and Development, World Bank
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1. Significant progress toward MDG1
Figure 1.1 Share of people living on less than
1 or 2 a day () (with estimates for 2004
and projection for 2015)
Globally, halving of extreme poverty is on track
(2015 forecast is incidence of 12).
Source World Bank staff estimates (weighted
averages)
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Regional progress differs sharply
Figure 1.1 Share of people living on less than
1 or 2 a day () (with estimates for 2004
and projection for 2015)

• East Asia has already surpassed the MDG1 target.
  Sub-Saharan Africa lags well behind the target.

Share of people living on less than 1 or 2 a
day () East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (with
estimates for 2004 and projection for 2015)
Source World Bank staff estimates (weighted
averages)
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The pace of poverty reduction depends on more
than growth
China 1999-2004 Burkina Faso1998-2003 Brazil
1999-2002 Mozambique 1996-2002 India
1994-2005 Nigeria 1996-2003 Laos
1997-2002 Peru 1996-2003
Source World Bank Development Economics
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But also cautionary notes

• Risks to positive outlook unwinding of global
  imbalances (US trade deficit), pandemic, oil
  price volatility.
• Environmental sustainability growth for many is
  through depleting their natural assets.
• Fragile states are being left out weak growth,
  little progress with poverty reduction,
  persistent fragility

Unadjusted and Adjusted Net Savings Rates Figure
presents the calculation of adjusted net saving
in Bolivia in 2003
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2. Progress on human development MDGs But
attention to quality of outcomes needed

• Progress
• Higher spending with major results 34 million
  additional children in primary school since
  2000 550 mn vaccinated for measles.
• Yet
• Child mortality--80 of countries off-track
• 10 million children under 5 die annual of
  preventable causes.
• Quality focus
• Cognitive skills not keeping pace
• Not a trade off with quantity
• Needs monitoring, results focus, incentives.

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Pro-poor progress on primary completion
The poor are benefiting from MDG progress,
especially in education
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Child mortality progress the poor are
benefiting less
Annual reduction required 1990-2015 to reach
MDG 4
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3. Advancing the MDGs--Fragile states are least
likely to meet them
Extreme poverty is increasingly concentrated in
Fragile states

• Defined by weak governance and institutions.
  Often affected by conflict
• 35 states, 485 million people.
• Impact beyond borders.
• Pose a dilemma for development community

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Fragile states are the least likely to meet the
MDGs

• Facing the largest MDG gap 27 of extreme poor
  nearly 1/3 of child deaths and children not
  completing school ¼ of the HIV positive
  population
• Reforms approved for rapid response procedures,
  organization and staffing (WB).
• Need to implement these reforms, strengthen
  international partnerships, and deepen lessons on
  approaches.

Sources World Bank Staff estimates
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4. Aid quality and scaling up actions lag behind
commitments
Composition of increase in ODA to Sub-Saharan
Africa 2001-05, selected donors

• ODA
• Dimming prospects for doubling aid.
• aid concentration--most are not seeing
  increases.
• aid quality-- increasing fragmentation
  earmarking lack of predictability, inadequate
  flexible aid.
• Scaling-up opportunities exist the environment
  is improving action points to collective failure
  of donors, developing countries, and IFIs.

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EFA FTI is fostering harmonization and alignment
in education but there remain key issues in
health

• In Rwanda, only 14 of donor health funding is
  channeled through MOH and 12 through health
  districts 74 managed by donors directly
• 85 of reported aid for health funding goes to
  AIDS and malaria
• Aid flows are highly volatile, due to mostly 1-2
  year commitments
• Limited funding for health system strengthening
  and investments outside health

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5. Role and performance of IFIs is under
pressure

• Lending Demand for loans increased in
• 2006 but future of concessional capacity
• in question (MDB share of aid? MDRI
• impact? ).
• Management for results sustained focus but slow
  progress.
• Gender equality more focus (eg. GAP)
• but implementation lags design and
• mainstreaming needs accountability.
• Fragile states need for more resources
• in balance with country capacity.

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Promoting Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women

• Chapter 3
• Main messages

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Gender equality is measured in 3 domains
Leveling the field of opportunities
Gender equality in rights, resources and voice
Household Household resource and task
allocations Fertility decisions
Economy markets Access to land Financial
services Labor markets Technology
Society Civic and political participation
Domain of choices, Domain of policy
Aggregate economic performance (poverty
reduction, growth)
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Increased equality has intrinsic and instrumental
value
Increased gender equality in households, markets
and society
Mothers greater control over decision-making in
households
Women have better access to markets
Women have better education and health
Increased womens labor force participation,
productivity and earnings
Improved childrens well-being
Better health and educational attainment
greater productivity as adults
Income / consumption expenditure
Differential savings rate
Future poverty reduction and economic growth
Current poverty reduction and economic growth
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Gender equality is about fairness, opportunity,
and smart economics
Tracking gender equality over time 1990-2005
.
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Official MDG indicators do not fully monitor
gender equality and empowerment

• They exclude important elements of gender
  equality such as health.
• They poorly measure gender equality in education,
  employment and political participation.
• They monitor performance on national averages
  which can mask inequality within countries

Source Duryea, Galiani, Nopo and Piras (2006)
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Recommended additional indicators for MDG3
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Monitoring child mortality reveals additional
problem regions
Female under-5 mortality rate and female to male
ratio, 2004
Source World Population Prospects
2004.
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The unfinished agenda

• Need to close gaps in well-being and
  opportunities for girls/women in disadvantaged
  sub-groups in Sub-Saharan Africa in fragile
  states.
• Need IFIs to dedicate resources to gender in
  results orientation, play leadership role in
  monitoring internationally, assist countries to
  scale up MDG3 interventions, ensure greater
  accountability.
• Need to scale up collection of sex disaggregated
  data to measure progress (especially, in the
  domains of society and the market and economy).
• Synergies with aid effectiveness agenda.

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• Thank you
• The GMR and related materials are available at
  http//www.worldbank.org/gmr2007