Industrial Revolution

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• Industrial Revolution

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What was the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was widespread
  replacement of manual labor by machines that
  began in Britain in the 18th century and is still
  continuing in some parts of the world to this
  day.

• The Industrial Revolution was a time of dramatic
  change, from hand tools and handmade items, to
  products which were mass produced by machines.

• Workers became more productive, and since more
  items were manufactured, prices dropped, making
  exclusive and hard to make items available to the
  poor and not only the rich and elite.

• It was a time for adjustment (some changes for
  the better and some for the worse).

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What was the Industrial Revolution
CONTINUED

• This radically changed the ways millions of
  people worked and where they lived.

• Their major source of light, for example, would
  change from candles, to kerosene lamps, and then
  to electric light bulbs.

• They would see their transportation evolve from
  walking and horse power to steam-powered
  locomotives, to electric trolley cars, to
  gasoline-powered automobiles.

• Produced a new class of wealthy industrialists
  and a prosperous middle class.

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Industrialization Broadens Gap
Between the North and South
Southern Production
Northern Production
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The U.S. before the Industrial Revolution

• More than ¾ of the labor force worked in
  agriculture
• The nation was a weak, loose association of
  former colonies with a traditional economy
• Most of the agriculture in the southern United
  States during the early 19th century was
  dedicated to growing one cropcotton.

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Urban and Rural Populations

• Northern Cities and industries grew quickly
  between 1800 and 1850
• This brought new wealth and new problems
• Housing became less spacious and more inadequate
• Most of the agriculture in the southern United
  States during the early 19th century was
  dedicated to growing one cropcotton.

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U.S. Factories

• Richard Arkwright is the person credited with
  being the brains behind the growth of factories
• As machines and new procedures reduced demand for
  labor, employers cut costs further by hiring
  large numbers of women and children
• Children were employed for four simple reasons
• there were plenty of them in orphanages and they
  could be replaced easily if accidents did occur
• they were much cheaper than adults as a factory
  owner did not have to pay them as much
• they were small enough to crawl under machinery
  to tie up broken threads
• they were young enough to be bullied by
  'strappers' - adults would not have stood for
  this

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Child Labor
Are these the faces of Young Bread-Winners
???
By 1900, 13 of all textile workers were younger
than 16.
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Women in the Workforce

• In Pre-industrial America, women and girls
  performed much of the labor necessary for family
  survival, including the household manufacture of
  yarn, cloth, candles, and food.
• By 1790, businessmen substituted power tools for
  women's hand labor in the manufacture of cloth.
• In the 1830s in Lowell, Massachusetts female
  factory hands worked over seventy hours a week at
  substandard wages.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Disaster

• A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on
  March 25, 1911, called attention to grim working
  conditions in New York City sweatshops.

• Laws regulating sweatshop working conditions were
  passed after 146 workers perished in the fire,
  and many garment workers joined labor unions.

• This incident highlights the inhumane working
  conditions to which industrial workers were and
  can be subjected.

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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Negative

• The tradition American family structure of men as
  the sole bread winner diminished.
• The industrial revolution provided immense
  benefits to many people but, it also proved
  harmful.
• Working conditions were harmful
• Capitalists employed women and young children,
  making them work long and hard hours.
• Pollution Increased

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The Backs that Built
AMERICA

• Slaves
• Immigrants
• Entrepreneurs
• Inventors

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Slaves

• The white South depended on the slaves to provide
  them with cheap labor.
• Slaves worked the cotton gin, and before they
  used the cotton gin, they were picking the seeds
  by hand.
• Other jobs of the slaves included a kind of work
  where the slaves were sent by their masters to
  specific factories, where they would work.
• Because they were not paid wages, and because
  they could be worked long hours, the cost of
  keeping slaves was comparatively cheap.

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Immigrants

• The factory owners took advantage of the fact
  that the people were immigrants and put them to
  work in horrible conditions for long hours, while
  paying them barely enough to support themselves,
  let alone their families.
• It was also very profitable for inventors and
  entrepreneurs to use immigrants to build canals,
  railroads, and highways.
• The low fee for work, and the strength possessed
  by most of the immigrants, made them perfect
  workers to build the transportation ways of
  America.

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Entrepreneurs

• According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
  Dictionary an entrepreneur is one who organizes,
  manages, and assumes the risks of a business or
  enterprise

Andrew Carnegie
Henry Ford
John Rockefeller
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Inventors
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• THE END