Hybrid Vehicles

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Hybrid Vehicles

• Current and Future Technology

By Dave Ludwig Alokik Kanwal
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Why improve Auto tech?

• Environmental concerns
• Global Warming
• Toxic Emissions
• Drilling and Transport
• Supply Concerns
• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable
• Will eventually run out
• Political Concerns
• Dependence on Foreign Oil
• Sticking it to OPEC !
• Kyoto Accord

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What are our Options ?

• Do nothing
• Tried it for decades
• Gas prices rising
• Air Quality getting worse
• CO2 build up worsening
• Electric Automobiles
• Advantages
• Eliminates both environmental and political
  concerns
• Disadvantages
• Not enough power output
• Long charging time
• Fuel Cells
• Advantages
• Eliminates both environmental and political
  concerns
• Disadvantages
• Current technology in infancy

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Best Current OptionHybrid Technology

• Advantages
• Increases fuel economy
• Reduces pollution
• Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
• No charging time
• More feasible then fuel cells
• Disadvantages
• Heavy batteries
• Lower power output than pure combustion engines
• Still require fossils fuels

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What is a Hybrid?

• Combines advantages of both combustion power and
  electric power
• Higher efficiencies of electric motors
• Quick recharge time of combustion engines
• Suppress disadvantage of both combustion power
  and electric power
• Low power output of electric motors
• Manual charging of batteries
• High emissions of combustion engines
• Low fuel efficiency of combustion engines

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What Is a Hybrid?

• Parallel
• Engine and electric motor turn the transmission
  at the same time
• Capable of working simultaneously and
  independently

• Series
• Engine turns a generator
• Generator can either charge the batteries or
  power an electric motor
• Only the electric motor drives the transmission

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What Is a Hybrid?Series and Parallel
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What is a Hybrid
Operation

• Normal Driving
• Engine power split between wheels and generator
• Electricity from the generator is split to help
  power wheels and recharge battery
• Electric motor alone powers wheels when
• Under light loads
• Starting from rest

• Deceleration/Braking
• Engine shuts down
• Electric motor acts as a generator
• Wheels power electric motor
• Electricity generated is converted and used to
  charge batteries

• Hard Acceleration
• Battery provides additional power to assist the
  drive power

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What Is a Hybrid? Current Components

• Gasoline engine
• Fuel tank
• Transmission
• Electric motor/generator
• Electrical storage devices

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What Is a Hybrid?Engines

• Purpose is to supply main power
• Are like the ones you will find on most cars
  except they are smaller
• Use advanced technologies to reduce emissions and
  increase efficiency
• Thermoelectric Materials
• Dynamic Piston Control
• Sparkless-ignition
• Clean Diesel
• Smart Wiring Systems (by IWS)
• Fuel Cell

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What Is a Hybrid?Fuel Tank

• Energy storage device for the gasoline engine
• Currently gasoline has higher energy density than
  batteries
• Takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as
  much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline
• Less fuel required as batteries energy density
  increases

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What Is a Hybrid?Transmission

• Distribute mechanical energy to wheels
• Unlike conventional transmissions they accept
  power from both the engine and electric motors

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What Is a Hybrid? Electric Motor / Generators

• Same component acts as a motor as well as a
  generator
• Motor for accelerating
• Generator for braking

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage Devices

• Charge quickly from variety of sources
• Discharge quickly
• Long cycle life
• High specific energy
• Low manufacturing cost
• Safety

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage Devices

• Flywheels
• Batteries
• Ultracapacitors

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels

• Cylinder rotates on magnetic bearings to store
  energy
• Turbo generator is used to spin the cylinder
• To extract energy the magnetic fields are altered
  to act as an electric generator

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels
Advantages
Disadvantages

• Operates in a wider temperature range than
  batteries and capacitors
• Cycle life issue negligible
• Higher specific energy than lead acid batteries

• Cost
• Material
• Manufacture
• Safety !!!!

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels

• How do you deal with an accident that causes
  several kWH of energy to be released very
  quickly?

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries

• Expansion of 12-volt battery systems in
  conventional car
• 42 volt system could power minor functions
  providing 10 better fuel economy
• Steering
• Fuel pumping
• 144 to 288 volt systems (actual hybrids) improve
  fuel efficiency by 15 to 200

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries

• Lead acid
• First option used
• Nickel Metal Hydride
• Used in current commercial hybrid vehicles
• Lithium Polymer
• Future applications ?

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage DevicesLead
Acid Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages

• Safer than flywheels
• Less expensive
• Proven technology

• Low specific energy
• Slow kinetics
• Low shelf life
• Battery life
• Not environmentally friendly
• Leakage

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage DevicesNickel
Metal Hydride Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages

• Higher specific energy
• Longer life
• Higher kinetics
• More environmentally friendly

• Still requires improvement

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesLithium Polymer Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages

• Highest specific energy
• Longest life
• Highest kinetics
• Most environmentally friendly
• Can be manufactured as thin sheets

• Technology in early stages of applications
• Charge/discharge time are not ideal
• Narrow voltage range
• Internal Resistance increased at low temperatures

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries
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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor

• Half battery/half capacitor
• Battery similarities
• Electrochemical device
• Stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an
  electrolytic solution
• Applied potential on the positive plate attracts
  the negative ions in the electrolyte, while the
  potential on the negative plate attracts the
  positive ions
• Capacitor similarities
• Two non-reactive porous plates with a voltage
  applied across
• Two layers of capacitive storage, one where the
  charges are separated at the positive plate, and
  another at the negative plate.
• No chemical reactions involved in its energy
  storage mechanism
• Highly reversible, allowing to be charged and
  discharged hundreds of thousands of times.

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation

• Operation is similar to a conventional capacitor
• Store energy in the form of electrical charge
  separated between conductive material by
  dielectric
• Achieve high capacitance by
• Increasing surface area for storing charge
• Material can be thin and wound
• Also textured
• Smaller separation of charges
• Use thin plastic or paper film or ceramic
• Energy is determined by voltage and capacitance

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation

• Ultracapacitors surface area greater than
  conventional capacitors
• Uses a porous carbon-based electrode material
  with surface area approaching 2000 square meters
  per gram, much greater than can be accomplished
  using flat or textured films and plates
• Ultracapacitors charge separation distance
  smaller than capacitors
• Determined by the size of the ions in the
  electrolyte, which are attracted to the charged
  electrode
• Charge separation (less than 10 angstroms) is
  much smaller than can be accomplished using
  conventional dielectric materials.

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation

• The combination of enormous surface area and
  extremely small charge separation gives the
  ultracapacitor its outstanding capacitance
  relative to conventional capacitors.

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Advantages

• Charge/Discharge is faster than batteries
• No chemical reaction
• Longer material life
• Higher cycle life than batteries
• Cycle life is gt100,000
• Able to deliver frequent pulses of energy without
  any detrimental effects
• Unlike batteries which experience reduced life if
  exposed to frequent high power pulses
• Greater voltage range than batteries

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What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Disadvantages

• Lower specific energy than batteries
• Technology in its infancy
• No long term energy storage

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Current HybridsHonda - Insight

• Built of lightweight aluminum body and frame
• Weighs 500 lbs. less than the lightest Civic
• Uses teardrop design and rear wheel covers to
  reduce drag coefficient

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Current HybridsToyota - Prius

• Capable of operating as either parallel or series
  hybrid
• Power split device governs engine and motor
  collaboration for optimal fuel efficiency at a
  given speed

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First Hybrid1916 Hybrid

• Parallel hybrid
• Electric motor to get to 20 mph
• Gas engine and electric motor after 20 mph
• Gas engine charged battery
• Used regenerative braking
• Used separate levers to control gas engine and
  electric motor
• No clutches or gears

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Conclusion

• Hybrids are a great solution for
• Increasing fuel efficiency
• Lessening environmental impact
• Decreasing dependence on oil
• While great achievements have been made by Honda
  and Toyota, better results can be reached by
  implementing new technology

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Conclusion

• Batteries should be switched from NMH to Lithium
  Polymer
• Perhaps ultracapacitors should be used in
  conjunction with batteries and combustion engines
• This would provide the optimal combination of
  energy for both quick bursts and long term storage

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Conclusion

• Advanced materials such as thermoelectrics and
  photovoltaics could provide additional sources of
  energy
• Once fuel cell technology is ready for cheap,
  mass production they should be integrated into
  hybrid design, replacing the combustion engine