CHEM 400A

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CHEM 400A

• Applications of Chemistry
• Dave Berg
• Elliott 314
• djberg_at_uvic.ca

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WORLD DRUG SALES (JUL 07-JUN 08) 710 Billion US
(up 4 last year 18 since 2006)
USA 288B 41 (share of world)
Japan 64 9 France 43 6 Germany 40 6 Italy 2
5 4 UK 24 3 Spain 22 3 CANADA 19 2.7 (6
last 12 mo.) China 17 2.4 (28) Brazil 12 1.7
(10) Top 10 553 78
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THERAPIES 2006 USB Cholesterol
fat reducers 32.7 5.6 (4) Antiulcerants 27.6
4.7 Antidepressants 20.3 3.5 Antipsychotics
17.2 3.0 (10) NSAIDS 11.4 2.1 (-15) Ca
antagonists (BP) 12.1 2.1 Erythropoietin 13.1
2.2 Antiepileptics 12.1 2.1 Oral
antidiabetics 11.4 2.0 Anticancer 13.5 2.3
(40) Platelet inhibitors 10.3 1.8
(9) Top 10 170 29
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DRUGS (08 Jun) Lipitor Pfizer Cholesterol 13.8B
(-2) Plavix BMS/Sanofi-Aventis 8.3(33)
(Platelet aggregation inhibitor
atherosclerosis) Nexium AstraZenica Ulcers 7.7
(8) Advair GlaxoSmithKline Asthma 7.5 (7)
Enbrel Amgen Rheumatoid arthritis 5.6
(12) Seroquel AstraZeneca Bipolar
disorder 5.1 (18) Zyprexa Lilly Schizophrenia
5.1 (-1) Risperdal Johnson Schizophrenia
5.0 (8) Remicade Centocor Crohns disease,
arthritis 4.7 (16) Singulair Merck Asthma,
allergies 4.6 (9) Top 10 drugs 59 Norvasc
Pfizer BP, angina 5.0 in 2006 Zoloft Pfizer D
epression 3.6 in 2006 Effexor Wyerth
Depression 3.8
in 2006
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ANTACIDS
Stomach secretes 1.5-3 L/day of hydrochloric acid
Normal pH 0.9-1.5
Coffee, alcohol, spices smoking, obesity,
stress all seem to promote acid production
TOO much acid, pH goes too low pain holes in
lining ulcers pain weak valve between
stomach/esophagus acid in throat pain
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Need to neutralize acid, so add a base
H HO- H2O
pH lt 10 to avoid burning throat so cannot use
NaOH (!) pH to high, too alkaline
Mg(OH)2 pH 9-10 OK Milk of Magnesia
Laxative (Magnesium hydroxide) Al(OH)3 also OK,
Aludrox, Constipator (Aluminum hydroxide)
Mg(OH)2 Al(OH)3 MAALOX, MYLANTA,
DIGEL,........ laxative constipator zero
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Bases are not restricted to hydroxides, a salt of
any WEAK acid will also do eg. a carbonate
CO32-
Na2CO3 again sodium carbonate, washing soda is
too alkaline but calcium carbonate (chalk or
limestone) is less basic 2HCl CaCO3 ?
CaCl2 H2CO3 ? H2O CO2
TUMS are CaCO3
too much calcium is hard on the kidneys acid
rebound so less than 2-3 g/day is recommended
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ROLAIDS CaCO3 some Mg(OH)2 they used to be
NaAl(OH)2CO3 but changed in 1989 because of
trend to Ca supplements and because for a while
there was concern about a possible Alzheimers
Aluminum link.
BICARBONATES can also be used Sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO3 baking soda, cheap, easy access
(fridges) OK for occasional use, but raises pH of
blood, and too much sodium is not a good idea for
high bp (obese)
H (HCO3)- ? H2O CO2 2H
(CO3)2- ? H2O CO2
FIZZ, GAS!
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Milk shaking racehorses
Give NaHCO3 prior to a race neutralizes
build-up of lactic acid in muscles
Horses do not tire as badly during
race but serious injuries can occur from
over-exertion
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Also used in fizzy types, eg. ALKA SELTZER
In glass NaHCO3 citric acid water ? fizz
(CO2) sodium citrate In stomach sodium
citrate HCl ? NaCl citric acid
base strong acid ? salt weak acid
pH 0
pH 2 pain
relief
citric acid is in lemon juice tartaric acid in
grape juice
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SILICATES
Silicon and carbon both have valency 4 so CO2
and SiO2 (sand, silica)
like carbonic acid, silicic acids are weak so
silicates can neutralize acids MgCO3 2 HCl
? MgCl2 H2O CO2 (fizz) Mg(Si3O8) 2
HCl ? MgCl2 H2O 3 SiO2 (sand)
sand particles help break gas, too much hard on
kidneys
Dimethicone
polymer Si(CH3)2-O-n breaks gas
(same polymer as silicone grease)