English and Polish contrasted

1
English and Polish contrasted

• spelling

2
general Polish

• Polish spelling is related to the pronuncation in
  a fairly nonambiguous way
• rz- z BUT marznac
• foreign words
• attache
• this is related to the fact that Polish uses
  special diacritics (9-18)
• acelnószz ACELNÓSZZ
• extending the Latin script
• but also because Polish has not very many vowels

3
general English

• English has more phonemes than characters in the
  script
• 26 characters c. 40 phonemes
• 20 vowel phonemes
• 5 vowel characters
• i y is treated as an allograph
• y appears only at the end of a word
• except in borrowings
• myth (Latin mythos), yeti (Tibetan yeh-tah)
• and proper names
• Byrd, Kennedy

4
English spelling

• in open syllables
• vowel letters represent long vowels
• final e indicates that a syllable is open
• mate, mating
• in closed syllables
• vowel letters represent short vowels
• a consonant indicates a syllable is closed
• mat
• double consonants indicate that a syllable is
  closed
• matting

5
English spelling

• this also shows the rhythmic tendency of English
• to keep the rhythmic group equal in length
• open CV closed CVC
• as length is a feature of a syllable

6
English spelling r

• problems with r
• pronounced only before a vowel
• written in all positions
• it also lengthens the vowel

7
English spelling phonology
8
English spelling phonology

• diagraphs
• oo, oe oa, oi oy
• indicate long vowels (diphthongs)
• food u good ? no rule!
• road, board exceptional broad (?)
• oo not a digraph in zoology, cooperate
• oa not a digraph in oasis, Noah, coalescence,
  protozoa

9
English spelling phonology

• system is far more complex!
• cf. lot nose
• BUT come, move, woman,
• exceptional gone
• cf. north
• BUT moral ?
• BUT work, worry

10
English spelling phonology

• the discussion related to stressed syllables
• in unstressed syllables the situation is
  different
• vowels are replaced by short vowels
• ? ? ?

11
Unstressed syllables

• face surface lad salad cigar sugar
• let bullet sell parcel percent recent
• fort effort on cotton propose purpose
• august August sure pressure
• suffice office imply simply
• contain curtain day holiday
• mouse famous allow follow

12
English spelling

• no single character is pronounced consistenly in
  the same way
• even the silent final e is sometimes pronunced
• make, nice, mane BUT recipe
• confronted with a strange word Woolfardisworthy
• it is difficult to say what the pronunciation is
• "woolsey
• Featherstonehaugh, pronounced "fanshaw
• Cholmondeley, pronounced "chumley

13
English spelling

• recent tendency to keep foreign spellings
• Czech, fjord, ski
• spelling pronunciation
• "ski",
• from Norwegian in the mid-18th century,
• common after 1900.
• used to be pronounced "shee", (Norwegian
  pronunciation),
• its popularity after the middle of the 20th
  century helped the "sk" pronunciation replace it.

14
English spelling

• two words
• with the same form but
• different pronunciation

15
English spelling

• pronounce BUT
• pronunciation
• colour BUT
• coloration

16

• Here is a sample of the different sounds that
  particular letters correspond to in English. Some
  involve combination with other letters. The most
  common are given first.

17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Capital letters

• the names of days, months and public holidays
  (but not usually seasons) Sunday March Easter
  Tuesday September Christmas (BUT summer,
  autumn)
• the names of people and places, including stars
  and planets John Mars The Ritz Hotel Mary North
  Africa The Super Cinema Canada the FarEast the
  UnitedStates (BUT the earth, the sun, the moon)

22
Capital letters

• peoples titles Mr Smith Professor Blake the
  Managing Director Dr Jones Colonel Webb
• nouns and adjectives referring to nationalities
  and regions, languages, ethnic groups and
  religionsHes Russian. I speak German. Japanese
  hi story Catalan cooking ShesJewish. Hes a
  Sikh.
• cf. PolskapolskiPolakchrzescijanin
  zydowskizydZyd
• the flrst word (and often other nouns, yerbs,
  adjectiyes and adyerbs) in the titles of books,
  fllms, plays, pictures, magazines etc Gone with
  the Wind, New Scientist
• cf. Ogniem i mieczem, Trybuna Ludu

23
word division

• Polish
• syllables
• 1 vowel consonants
• do-pro-wa-dzic
• English
• fairly complex

24
English word division

• affixes from the base
• un-deliver-able un pre-dict'a-ble-ness,
• etymological base is not divided
• two identical consonants NOT vowels
• ter-ible BUT good
• al-gar-ro-ba al-gar-ro-ba

25
English word division

• a short vowel cannot occur at the end of a
  syllable
• ton-ic BUT cal-zo-ne
• ?? anion
• a potential syllable is a phoneme sequence that
  can function as an independent word
• composition, pronunciation
• dictionary !