Industrial Ecology

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Industrial Ecology
Pig iron 2.5 Carbon Steel
0.1-2 Carbon Wrought iron lt0.1
Carbon Stainless steel lt1.2 Carbon, gt10.5
Chromium
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Industrial ecology Biogeochemical analogy R U
Ayres
extraction
Natural Environment
Raw Materials
extraction waste
production waste
material consumption
production waste recycling
product waste
product waste recycling
Final Products
Productive Capital
product remanufacturing
product manufacturing
3
Industrial ecology Biogeochemical analogy R U
Ayres
mobilization
Inorganic sedimentary rock sulfate phosphate carbo
nate
Nutrients carbon nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
sequestration
assimilation (photosynthesis)
sequestration
mobilization
regeneration
regeneration
Bio-products (non-living) humus detritus
Biomass (living)
death excretion
4
Industrial ecology Food chain analogy T E
Graedel
Solar energy
Primary Producer Smelter
Primary Consumer Wire producer
Secondary Consumer Cable producer
Tertiary Consumer Computer manufacturer
Copper ingots
Data cable
Copper wire
Copper ingots
Production waste
Concentrated copper ore
Reusables
PC
Extractor Miner
Secondary producer Recycler
Collector
Top Consumer Customer
Eol PC
Recyclables
Copper ore
Lost material
5
Industrial ecology Food chain analogy T E
Graedel
Solar energy
Primary Producer Plankton
Primary Consumer Invertebrate
Secondary Consumer Small fish
Tertiary Consumer Large fish
Excretions, carcasses
Inorganic materials
Mineral salts
Extractor Bacteria
Decomposer Bacteria
Top Consumer Shark
Carcasses
Minerals, other resources
Lost material
6
Thermodynamics and Material Flows in the Economy
Energy inputs
Transformation process
Useful outputs
Material inputs
Wastes emissions
1. Law of Thermodynamics Conservation of
energy In non-nuclear processes energy can
neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can only
be transformed from one form into another. The
total amount of energy input to a non-nuclear
transformation process is thus equal to the total
amount of energy output. Conservation of
mass The total mass of material inputs into a
(non-nuclear) material transformation process is
equal to the total mass of material
outputs. Conservation of mass per chemical
element The total mass of each chemical element
is conserved during every (non-nuclear) material
transformation process.
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Thermodynamics and Material Flows in the Economy

• 1. Law of Thermodynamics Quantity of energy
  during transformations stays the same.
• Law of Thermodynamics Quality of energy
  decreases during transformations
• 
  (what matters is exergy not energy).
• 2. Law of Thermodynamics
• Short form
• In a closed system, entropy (disorder) will
  increase with time until it reaches its highest
  possible value.
• What does this mean for material transformation
  processes (which are open systems)
• Every order-increasing material transformation
  processes requires low-entropy energy inputs.
• Order-increasing material transformation
  processes turn low-entropy energy inputs into
  high-entropy energy outputs.
• Every production process creates waste and/or
  emissions.
• Without low-entropy energy inputs materials tend
  to dissipate during use and
• disposal.

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The material transformation process
Transformation process
Direct materials
Economic output
Ancillary materials
Wastes emissions
Low-entropy energy
High-entropy energy
1. Law of TD
2. Law of TD
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Literature

• Biogeochemical analogy and industrial ecology
• Industrial Ecology, Ayres Ayres, 1996, Edward
  Elgar
• Accounting for Resources 1, Ayres Ayres, 1998,
  Edward Elgar
• Accounting for Resources 2, Ayres Ayres, 1999,
  Edward Elgar

• Food chain analogy and industrial ecology
• Industrial Ecology, Graedel Allenby,1995
  2002, Prentice Hall

• Thermodynamics and material flows in the economy
• The Entropy Law and the Economic Process,
  Georgescu-Roegen, 1971, Harvard University
  Press
• Evolution, Time, Production and the
  Environment, Faber Proops, 1990, Springer
• Integrating Economics, Ecology and
  Thermodynamics, Ruth, 1993, Kluwer
• Eco-Thermodynamics Economics and the Second
  Law, 1996, INSEAD working paper

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Solar Radiation (Teff 6000K mainly UV, optical
and IR)
Earths Radiation(Teff 300K mainly IR)
Material Flows in the Economy
Needs Wants
high-entropy Energy
Low-entropy Energy
Services
Sink for Wastes Emissions
Products
Materials
Production
Anthroposphere
Ecosphere

• All materials that enter the economic system
  will eventually leave it
• Large amounts of low-entropy energy are needed
  to drive the economic system
• All economic activity is essentially dissipative
  of both energy and materials

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Central paradigm of MFA Mass Balance IN OUT
Monday January 31 2005
Search this site
ExxonMobil reports annual profits of
25bnBusiness US oil giant reports annual
profits that exceed the GDP of Syria.More
business news
Global warming 'may kill off polar bears in 20
years'Life Many Arctic animals could be extinct
within 20 years because of global warming,
conservationists warn.Special report climate
change
12
Central paradigm of MFA Mass Balance IN OUT
Scientists warn growing acidity of oceans will
kill reefs Paul Brown, environment
correspondentFriday February 4, 2005The
Guardian (UK newspaper) Scientists have given
warning of a newly discovered threat to mankind,
which will wipeout coral and many species of
fish and other sea life. Extra carbon dioxide
in the air, caused by the burning of fossil
fuels, is not only spurring climate change, but
is making the oceans more acidic endangering
the marine life that helps to remove carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. So alarmed have
marine scientists become about this that special
briefings have been held for government
departments. Carol Turley, head of science at
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, warned of a
"potentially gigantic" problem for the world.
13
Grinding copper ore in BC, Canada
Concentration of copper ore by froth flotation

• Class exercise
• You are mining a copper mine with an ore grade of
  0.4.
• How much ore do you need to extract 1 ton of
  copper(assuming 100 extraction efficiency)
• How much of the ore ends up as mining
  waste?(this waste is called tailings)

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Declining ore grades greatly increase the amount
of wastesgenerated during mining and refining
Ore grade () ? Tailings (tons / ton)
Tons of tailings per ton of metal
(Does not include for overburden or ancillary
materials)
Examples
Ore grade X ()
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Motivation for Studying Material Flows in the
Economy

• The extraction of material resources has large
  environmental impacts.
• Material transformation processes require large
  quantities of high-grade energy.
• Once mobilized, many materials / substances
  create environmental impact / damage when
  they are released back into the environment.
• Substances of economic interest are typically
  intrinsically linked to many other
  substances, many of those toxic or otherwise
  environmentally damaging.
• All mobilized materials will eventually be
  released back into the environment.
• Material transformation processes that are
  higher up in the supply chain tend to be more
  energy and waste intensive than downstream
  processes. This creates large incentives for
  recycling and reuse.
• Some uses of certain materials are inherently
  dissipative.

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Definition of Material/Substance Flow Analysis
(MFA/SFA)
According to Bringezu and Moriguchi (2002), MFA /
SFA can be defined as the quantitative
accounting of material / substance inputs and
outputs of processes in a systems or chain
perspective.

• According to Graedel (2002) MFA / SFA is usually
  employed to answer one or several of the
  following questions
• How much material enters the economic system?
• How is the material transformed?
• How much material is added to the stock in use?
• How much material is recycled?
• How much material escapes from the economic
  system to the environment?
• How much material ends up in land?ll?
• What trends exist in these stocks and ?ows?

• MFA / SFA comprises a variety of flow analysis
  types
• Stocks and flows of individual substances, e.g.
  chlorine, arsenic, cadmium, lead, etc.
• Stocks and flows of bulk materials, e.g. paper,
  plastics, aluminum, steel, copper, etc.
• Stocks and flows of products and their
  constituent materials, e.g. diapers, batteries,
  etc.
• Total material flows on different levels, e.g.
  national, sectoral, regional, household, etc.

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History of MFA/SFA

• 1800-1850 Concept of metabolism is introduced to
  describe the sum of biochemical
  reactions on the level of cells, organs and
  organisms
• 1842 Formulation of the Law of Conservation of
  Energy
• 1860s The term metabolism is first applied to
  human societies by Marx to describe
  material exchanges between man and nature
• 1880s Geddes develops first national MFA
  (80 years ahead of his time and largely
  ignored)
• 1905 Mass-Energy-Equivalency is formulated by
  Einstein in his theory of special
  relativity
• 1910s Ostwald and Soddy discuss the importance
  of availability and conversion of
  energy to human societies and their development,
  but this never entered the social
  sciences mainstream
• 1930s Notion of the ecosystem is established
• 1940s The metabolism of ecosystems is first
  studied
• 1950-1960 Some discussion of the input aspects
  of societal metabolism (mainly by
  geographers and geologists)
• 1969 First modern MFA of a national economy
  presented by Ayres Kneese
• Apply mass balancing to MFA
• Environmental pollution and its control is a
  materials balance problem
• Reduction of wastes and emission by reduction of
  inputs

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Methodology Single material or substance
Accounting methodology for material stocks
Transformation processes
Stocks of upstream materials
Stocks of downstream materials
Producing processes
Consuming processes
Material stock
Stocks outside of boundaries
Stocks outside of boundaries
Imports
Exports
Transportation processes
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Methodology Single material or substance
Imports / Exports
Material
Products
Components
Material production
Component fabrication
Product Assembly
Product Use
Raw Material
Potential Waste
Extraction
Release
Domestic Environment
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Example Copper

• Copper has the highest electric and thermal
  conductivity after silver
• Highly corrosion resistant
• Primary production from ore 50-100 MJ/kg Cu
  (cradle-to-gate)
• Secondary production from scrap 20 MJ/kg Cu
  (cradle-to-gate)

Estimated world production in MMT / y

• End uses in the USA in 2000
• Building construction 42
• Electrical electronic products 27
• Industrial machinery equipment 10
• Transportation equipment 10
• Consumer general products 11

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Example Copper Flows in North America in 1994
(in kt / y)
Import / Export
Old Scrap 190
Semis, Finished Products 17
Concentrate, Blister, Cathode 325
Ingots 3
Production Mill, Smelter, Refinery
Fabrication Manufacturing
Use
Waste Management
Discards 1410
Cathode 3270
Prod. Cu 2640
2200
1920
3
Stock
Stock
Prod. Alloy 690
730
140
Ore 3130
New Scrap
???
710
1500
180
330
Old Scrap
Landfilled Waste, Dissipated
Tailings Slag 365
Source CIE, Yale
Environment
Lithosphere
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Copper entering use in 1994 (in kt / y)
280
3300
3000
3900
260
350
180
Global consumption 11.3 million metric tonnes
Source CIE, Yale
23
Copper entering use in 1994 (in kg / y and capita)
0.9
8.2
8.4
1.4
0.4
1.0
6.1
Source CIE, Yale
24
Copper leaving use in 1994 (in kg / y and capita)
0.7
3.4
2.2
0.4
0.2
0.5
2.0
Source CIE, Yale
25
Copper recycling rate in 1994
90
50
80
64
38
30
82
Source CIE, Yale
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Reading for Monday, 12 FebruaryMaterials, A
report of the U.S. Interagency Working Group on
Industrial ecology, Material and Energy Flows,
1998, Washington DC(is posted on course website
as Reading for Lecture 10)