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Community Interactions

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COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION STATES NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME NICH IN THE SAME ... A few birds and mammals that can stand harsh conditions, artic fox, caribou ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Community Interactions


1
Chapter 4
  • Community Interactions
  • Biomes

2
Community Interactions
  • Community Interactions powerfully affect an
    ecosystem
  • Types of Interactions
  • Competition Organisms of the same or different
    species try to use the same resource in the same
    place and at the same time
  • EX Different species of lizards in a desert
    compete by eating same type of insect
  • COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION STATES NO TWO SPECIES CAN
    OCCUPY THE SAME NICH IN THE SAME HABITAT AT
    THE SAME TIME
  • Predation One organism captures and eats another
    organism. Predator/Prey relationship.
  • EX A bobcat captures and feeds on rabbits
  • Symbiosis Means Living Together. Organisms
    live closely together. Three types of Symbiosis
    are
  • 1. Mutualism Both species benefit. EX Bees
    receive pollen from flowers and flowers are
    pollenated from bees.
  • 2. Commensalism One species benefits and the
    other is neither helped nor harmed. EX
    Barnacles that live on a whales skin
  • 3. Parasitism One organism lives on or in
    another and harms it. EX Fleas living on a dog

3
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4
Ecological Succession
  • Ecological Succession The concept that
    ecosystems are constantly changing in response to
    natural human disturbances.
  • Can occur gradually over time or in response to a
    sudden natural disturbance
  • As an ecosystem changes, old inhabitants die out
    new inhabitants move in causing further changes
    in the community
  • 2 Types of Ecological Succession
  • Primary Succession Occurs on land where no soil
    exists
  • EX Volcanic eruption results in new island being
    formed. Ash allows for lichens algae to grow.
    Algae lichens break down rocks and turn them
    into soil allowing for plants to grow.
  • Secondary Succession Occurs when there is some
    sort of disturbance that does not remove soil.
  • EX Forest fires result in trees releasing seeds.
    Certain plants are adapted to regular cycles of
    fire their seeds will not sprout unless exposed
    to fire.
  • EX Land is cleared for farming, but then
    abandoned. Allows for new plants that werent
    there before to have resources to grow

5
Primary Succession
6
Secondary Succession
7
Biomes
  • Biome a group of ecosystems that have the same
    climate and dominant communities of organisms.
  • Species are able to adapt in order to live in
    different biomes. EX Desert Kangaroo Rats have
    kidney adaptations that allow them to conserve
    water
  • Microclimate The climate in a small area differs
    from the climate around it.
  • EX Certain streets in San Francisco are often
    blanketed in fog while sun shines brightly just a
    few blocks away

8
The Major Biomes
  • Tropical Rain Forest
  • Tropical Dry Forest
  • Tropical Savannah
  • Desert
  • Temperate Grassland
  • Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
  • Temperate Forest
  • Northwestern Coniferous Forest
  • Boreal Forest
  • Tundra

9
Tropical Rain Forest
  • Hot wet year round
  • Orchids, ferns, vines, climbing plants
  • Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, toucans,
    parrots, butterflies, boa constrictors, anacondas
  • Found in South Central America, Southeast Asia,
    parts of Africa, Southern India, Northeastern
    Austraila
  • EX Belem, Brazil

10
Tropical Rain Forest
11
Tropical Dry Forest
  • Rainfall is seasonal and NOT year round
  • Generally warm year round, alternating wet and
    dry seasons
  • Tall, deciduous trees, aloes and succulents
  • Tigers, monkeys, elephants, rhinoceroses, hogs,
    deer, snakes, lizards
  • Parts of Africa, South Central America, Mexico,
    India, Australia
  • EX Chennai, India

12
Tropical Savanah
  • Receives more rainfall than deserts but less than
    tropical dry forests
  • Mainly grasslands with isolated trees
  • Warm temperature, seasonal rainfall
  • Tall perennial grasses, drought tolerant shrubs
  • Lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, elephants,
    giraffes, baboons, zebras
  • Large parts of Africa, Southern Brazil, Northern
    Australia
  • EX Mombasa, Kenya

13
Desert
  • Low precipitation, variable temperatures
  • Cacti and succulents
  • Mountain lions, gray fox, bobcats, mule deer,
    bighorn sheep, tortoises, rattlesnakes, lizards
  • Africa, Asia, Middle East, United States, South
    America, Australia
  • EX Yuma, AZ

14
Temperate Grasslands
  • Warm to hot summers, cold winters, moderate
    precipitation
  • Perennial grasses and herbs
  • Coyotes and badgers, wolves, grizzly bear,
    rabbits, prairie dogs, hawks, owls, snakes
  • Central Asia, N. America, Australia, Central
    Europe
  • EX Dallas, TX

15
Temperate Woodland Shrubland
  • Hot, dry summers, cool, moist winters
  • Woody evergreen shrubs
  • Coyotes, fox, bobcats, mountain lions, deer,
    rabbits, squirrels, lizards, snakes
  • West coast of N. and S. America, Mediterranean
    Sea area, South Africa, Australia
  • EX Los Angeles, CA

16
Temperate Forest
  • Cold winters, warm summers, fertile soil,
  • Deciduous trees, some conifers, mosses and fern
  • Deer, black bear, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons,
    skunks, songbirds
  • Eastern US, SE Canada, most of Europe, Parts of
    Japan, China Australia
  • EX Philadelphia, PA

17
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
  • Mild temperatures, precipitation during fall,
    winter, spring, rocky acidic soils
  • Douglas Fir, spruce, redwoods
  • Bear,elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats, weasels
  • Pacific coast of northwestern US and Canada from
    northern California to Alaska
  • EX Seattle, WA

18
Boreal Forest
  • Long, cold winters, short, mild summers, high
    humidity
  • Needleleaf conifers such as spruce and fir,
    berry-bearing shrubs
  • Timber wolves, lynxes, moose, beavers
  • North America, Asia, and northern Europe
  • EX Fairbanks, Alaska

19
Tundra
  • Stong winds, low precipitation, short summers,
    long cold winters, permafrost
  • Mosses, lichens, short grasses
  • A few birds and mammals that can stand harsh
    conditions, artic fox, caribou
  • Northern North America, Asia, Europe
  • EX Barrow, Alaska
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