Pragmatics

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Pragmatics

• The Vessel into which all other components are
  placed!
• A Functionalist Model

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Language Review

• 1 Definition of Language
• A socially shared code or conventional system for
  representing concepts through the use of
  arbitrary symbols and the combination of those
  symbols. Bloom and Lahey
• 2. Perspectives of language
• 1. Components
• 2. Discourse
• 3. Receptive/Expressive
• 3. 4 views of language development
• 4. Communication Circle
• 5. Language Fan Form/Content/Use

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Components of Language

• Pragmatics
• Phonology
• Semantics
• Syntax
• Metalinguistics
• Emergent Literacy
• Central Auditory Processing (CAP)

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Pragmatics

• Definition study of the relationship between
  language and the context that are basic to an
  account of language understanding
• social use of language
• Its about COMMUNICATION

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Pragmatic Concepts

• Sociolinguistic Culture Communication
• Development Begins with Cry- ends with the death
  sigh
• Theorists
• 1. Dore 2. Halliday
• 3. Roth Spekman 4. Prutting
• 5. Fey 6. Others

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PragmaticsIntentionality

• Speech Act and Development of Intentionality
• Perlocutionary
• Illocutionary (INTENTIONALITY) _at_ 6 months
• Locutionary (First Words

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Development of Intentionality

• Perlocutionary-Caregiver assigns intentions to
  infants cry, smiles, vocalizations, gestures
• Illocutionary-Infant begins to initiate
  INTENTIONALITY through cry differentiation,
  smiles, gestures
• Locutionary-Modality specific Verbal Language or
  Gestures (sign language)
• Its a PIL,
• whats a ILP, a LIP?

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Theorists Dore Prag 3

• Studied younger children developing language
• Taxonomy appropriate for language below MLU of 3
  or through telegraphic speech
• Taxonomy (p. 242)

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Pragmatics Halliday Prag. 4

• Hallidays perspective Language is used to
  interact with others, regulate their behavior and
  to fulfill speakers needs by having a listener/s
  respond appropriately
• Taxonomy Use older children who are verbal
  because it is multi-word taxonomy
• Taxonomy
• similar to Dores except for Heuristic

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Dore/Halliday Comparison

• Halliday
• Personal (thatinteresting, self-talk)
• Imitating
• Informative (got something to tell you)
• Regulatory (do as I tell you)
• Interactional (initiation)
• Personal(withdrawal)
• Instrumental (I want)
• Imaginative (lets pretend)
• Heiristic (why?)

• Dore
• Label
• Repeat
• Answer
• Request Action
• Request Answer
• Calling
• Protesting
• Practice

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Hallidays Taxonony

• Halliday observed Broad pragmatic functions
  instead of individual utterance functions as
  observed by Dore BUT considerable similarity
• Emergence of Speech
• initially speech emerges to accompany action, not
  to convey information
• attention is restricted to a single object and
  action associated with it
• notes object relations or comments on the event
  (recurrence)

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Hallidays Taxonomy, 2

• Separated into 3 PHASES
• Phase I
• ages 9 months to 17 months
• initially speech emerges to accompany action, not
  to convey information
• communicative functions
• instrumental
• regulatory
• interactional
• personal

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Hallidays Taxonomy 3

• Phase II
• characterized by a generalization of the previous
  functions into new broader functions and by the
  disappearance of isomorphic forms
• two broad functions emerge
• mathetic general learning functions
• includes the Personal and Heuristic
• pragmatic involves needs satisfaction and control
  
• includes Instrumental and Regulatory functions
• at two-word level, child begins to use structure
  independent of function
• in general
  Old Forms
  (constructions)-New Ideas
  New Forms (generalization) - Old ideas

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Hallidays Taxonomy 4

• Phase III
• child attains adult-like functions
• attained by age 2
• ability to combine several language functions
  within a single utterance
• -use of a lexicogrammatical (semantic/syntactic)
  system makes in possible to fulfill
  (perlocutionary) all necessary functions in a
  discourse simultaneously
• ex mommy, cookie hot -interactional,
  description, inferential requesting

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Pragmatics Roth Spekman prag. 4

• Taxonomy use more comprehensive
• Taxonomy
• Triangle with points of
• Communication Intention
• Presupposition
• Organization of Discourse

CI
OD
P
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Communication Intention

• Communication Intention
• Divided into Range and Form
• Range
• Preverbal
• Holophrases
• Multi-Word
• Form
• Gestural
• Gestural Vocalization
• Verbal/ Sign Language

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Communication Intention for Roth and Spekman
PREVERBAL prag 5

• Preverbal Intentions
• Attention Seeking to self
• Attention seeking to events, others,
• Requesting
• objects
• Actions
• Information
• Protesting/Rejecting
• Responding/Acknowledging
• Informing
• Greeting (social)

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Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman
Holophrases 7

• Holophrases
• Naming
• Commenting
• Request Objects
• Present
• Absent
• Requesting Information
• Responding
• Protesting/Rejecting
• Greetings

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Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman
Multi-Word 8

• Multiword
• Requesting Information
• Requesting Action
• Responding to Requests
• Stating or Commenting
• Regulating Conversational Behavior
• Other Performatives such as teasing, warning
  sarcasm, humor, metaphors, etc (metalinguistics)

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Matrix Example

• Performatives
• teasing
• warning
• sarcasm
• humor
• metaphors

• Examples

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Presupposition for Roth and Spekman

• Principle of Informativeness
• Three Aspects
• 1. Topic
• New/Old Information
• Needs of listener
• 2. Listener
• Conversational participants
• Type of language (register)
• 3. Cohesive Devices
• Anaphoric reference -use of pronouns
• Ellipsis
• Conjunctions
• Deictic terms (empty pronouns) this, that, these,
  those

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Organization of Discourse

• 5 Aspects
• 1. Conversational Initiation
• 2. Turn Taking
• conversational speaking time
• 3. Staying on Topic OR Conversational
  Maintenance
• 4. Conversational Repairs
• 5. Topic Termination

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Conversational Repairs

• Linguistic Structure
• phonologic poon--spoon
• morphologic he sleep--sleeps
• syntactic cats--big cats
• Linguistic Content
• repetition
• confirmation
• elaboration
• Extralinguistic
• pitch change
• stress
• demonstration

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Pragmatics Assignment Example

• Organization of Discourse
• Form
• Range
• items
• Presupposiiton
• -listener
• - topic
• Organization of Discourse
• conversation initiation
• turn taking
• eye contact
• conversation repair
• conversation termination

• Examples
• verbal
• dyad
• familiar
• initiated by conv. Part
• example
• part. Made eye contact lasting about __second
• repair example

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Taxonomy GRID

• Organization of Discourse
• Form
• Range
• items
• Presupposiiton
• -listener
• - topic
• Organization of Discourse
• conversation initiation
• turn taking
• eye contact
• conversation repair
• conversation termination

• Examples

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    Intentions                   Presupposition
                  Organization of Discourse  
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Pruttings Pragmatic Taxonomy

• Includes all of Roth and Spekmans
• Communication Intention
• Presupposition
• Organization of Discourse
• ADDS Proxemics
• )

CI
OD
P
PROX
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Proxemics Importance

• The eyes of men converse as much as their
  tongues, with the advantage that the ocular
  dialect needs no dictionary, but is understood
  the world over, Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Skills
• Nonlinguistic elements
• distance from a speaker,
• gaze
• touch
• Paralinguistic elements (fluency, rate,
  intonation)

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Feys Taxonomy

• Assertive/ Responsive Matrix
• Definitions
• Conversational Assertiveness
• Definition ability and/or willingness to take a
  conversational turn when none has been sloicited
  by a partner.
• Responsiveness-
• Definition ability to comply with the speakers
  range of intent.
• Matrix

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Feys Taxonomy Assessment/ Intervention
Implications

• For Assessment In a PBA determining the childs
  ability in both areas.
• For intervention Using a communication modality
  that encourages both. Usually SLI children are
  better at being Responsive than Assertive.
• Reason therapy usually reinforces
  Responsiveness.
• Ex. Question/Answer

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Pragmatics Questions

• 1. Define pragmatics.
• 2. How is pragmatics tied to the 4 views of
  language development?
• 3. What is the Speech Act progression of
  pragmatic development
• 4. Why is pragmatics central to language?
• 5. Explain Dores taxonomy
• 6. Explain Hallidays taxonomy
• 7. Explain Roth Spekmans taxonomy
• 8. Explain Pruttings taxonomy
• 9. Explain Feys taxonomy
• 10. What is the purpose of knowing these
  taxonomies?

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End of Lecture Notes