Common name

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Range of Invasion

• Natural ecosystem disrupted by exotic invasive
  species
• Open rangeland
• Forested ecosystems
• Swamps, wetlands
• Aquatic situations (lakes/ponds, rivers,
  irrigation canals)

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Why an Issue?

• Exotic species are highly adapted to diverse
  ecological areas
• High reproductive capacity
• No natural enemies (disease, insects, etc.)
• Biological desert

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Management

• Primary method is PREVENTION!!
• Invasive assessment, prediction models
• Mechanical
• Effective but not practical on large areas
• Generally does not eradicate
• Also includes burn, flood, mowing, etc.
• Biological control is IDEAL, but.
• Chemical the big issue is..?

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Selectivity

• In crops you are trying to control all species
  except the crop
• In invasive plant control you are trying to
  control one species and not harm everything else
• Integrated approach is the key, but a major
  decision has to be made first

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To Eradicate or not to Eradicate

• Eradication
• high degree of coordination monitoring
• high , quarantines
• eliminate all individuals, propagules, etc. that
  could regenerate a population
• continually monitor to ensure eradication
• Maintenance control is that situation where you
  constantly monitor the populations and control
  when levels reach a certain threshold, which is
  generally very low

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Caulerpa

• 4 million
• 5 years

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Nascent Foci Approach

• Start on the outlying populations first and work
  into the center
• Accurate survey of infestation and data on the
  range of spread (mechanism of dispersal)
• Continually monitor over the area already covered

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Revegetation

• Planting back a desirable species that will
  provide ecological stability and possibly
  hinder/block reinfestation of invasive species
• When and how much invasive control do you need?
• Possibility of selective control?

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Response to Imazapyr
Species Injury Mortality Replant date
Andropogon virginicus 0.001 0.20 33
Agrostis spp. 0.001 0.29 33
Panicum virgatum 0.019 0.66 17
Pityopsis graminifolia 0.0008 0.69 36
Aristida stricta 0.016 0.87 9
Mimosa strigulosa 0.003 1.0 11
Eucalyptus amplifolia 0.011 1.0 10
Eucalyptus grandis 0.035 1.0 8
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Impacts

• Category 1 invasive species (FLEPPC)
• Ability to spread into undisturbed sites
• Extremely fast growth gt 8 inches/day
• Smothers trees and native understory species
• Spreads rapidly through massive production of
  bulbils

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Mature Plant

• Rapidly climbing, twining herbaceous vine
• Vines killed by frost
• Regrowth from underground tubers

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Leaves and Flowers

• Leaves cordate
• All leaf veins arise from leaf base
• Flowers are inconspicuous, arise from panicles
  from leaf axils

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Bulbils

• Aerial tubers, borne in leaf axils
• Generally roundish, smooth and gray to brown in
  color
• Primary means of spread

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Preventative

1. Limit planting as an ornamental
2. Remove existing plants, including resprouts and
   before bulbils are produced
3. Avoid spread through contaminated debris, brush
   or soil
4. Clean mowers and other brush-cutting equipment

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Cultural

• Programs to educate homeowners about the problems
  associated with air potato and proper
  identification
• Remove populations along waterways
• Bulbils will float to new areas
• Gather bulbils in fall after frost (Gainesville
  Air Potato Roundup)

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Biological

1. There are no known biological control agents
   available for air potato management in Florida or
   the southeastern U.S.

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Mechanical

1. Hand pull young seedlings, including all roots,
   dig up tubers
2. Mowing is effective, but must be repeated and may
   spread bulbils
3. Burning is not a viable option fire ladders
   into canopy of trees

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Chemical

• Over-the-top applications before bulbil
  formation, during spring and summer
• Thoroughly wet leaves with herbicide
• Triclopyr 2 solution
• Glyphosate 2 to 3 solution
• Use surfactant at 0.25
• Retreatment necessary to kill tuber and
  resprouting bulbils

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Biology

• Also known as silk tree
• Medium-sized tree, 20 - 40 feet tall
• Legume plant - capable of fixing nitrogen
• Introduced from China to the U.S. in the mid
  1700s

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Mature Plant

• Small tree 20 to 40 feet in height
• Highly branched, rambling habit
• Leaves and flowers in clusters at the end of
  branches

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Mechanical

• Hand pull young seedlings, including all roots,
  repeated pulling for resprouts
• Cut tree down at ground level
• Girdling is effective for large trees
• Cut through bark approximately 6 inches above the
  ground, encircling tree base
• Mowing is effective on small saplings and
  resprouts, but must be repeated

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Chemical - Foliar

• Over-the-top applications for seedlings,
  resprouts and small trees
• Thoroughly wet leaves with herbicide
• Triclopyr 2 solution
• Glyphosate 2 solution
• Clopyralid - 0.2 to 0.4 solution
• Use surfactant at 0.25
• Best results applied July to October

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Chemical - Basal

1. Individual trees, near desirable species
2. Use 25 triclopyr solution with basal oil
3. Apply 12 to 15 inches above ground on tree trunk
4. Wet thoroughly for good control, spray until
   run-off is noticeable at ground line

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Chemical Cut Stump

1. Individual trees, near desirable species
2. Cut trunks/stems horizonally at or near ground
   level
3. Apply 25 solution of glyphosate or triclopyr
4. Cover the outer 20 of the stump
5. Marker (blue) dye is helpful

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Putting It All Together

• Control strategies often not known or available
• A rule of thumb - glyphosate for most species,
  triclopyr for broadleaf species and vines
• Treat pockets of invasive species isolated
  but be sure not to spread the species in the
  process
• Target areas along streams and riverbeds, as
  those areas provide greater capacity for spread

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Spring

• Focus first on annual species
• Controlled effectively as seedling plants
• Retreatment may be necessary in the summer
• Final check in the late summer/early fall to kill
  remaining plants that may set seed
• Follow-up the next year or two
• The key with annual species is prevention of seed
  set.

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Late Summer/Fall

• Perennial species with vegetatively persistent
  structures, fall treatments are generally most
  effective
• Herbicides translocated to the vegetative
  propagules and provide longer, more consistent
  control
• If species flower in the fall, be sure to treat
  prior to seed set

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Winter

• Target trees during the winter months, especially
  basal bark treatments
• Allows ample time to check later in the
  summer/early fall for regrowth
• Cut stump treatments can be performed anytime, so
  use the time during the cooler winter months for
  this activity

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Bringing It Together

• Set up a grid with various treatment zones,
  citing problem species in each zone
• GPS referencing is particularly helpful
• Follow-up will be critical, but you should
  eventually get to a point where routine
  maintenance will be all that is necessary.

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Impacts

• Category I invasive species (FLEPPC)
• Disrupts natural plant communities
• Shade out desirable species, especially native
  seedlings and understory plants
• Resprouts readily after fire or mechanical
  removal
• Heavy fruit set after 2 years of establishment

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Mature Plant

• Small upright shrub, up to 6 feet tall
• Often grows in large colonies
• Shade tolerant, understory species

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Seedlings

• Seedlings often found encircling a mature plant
• Plants will remain in juvenile stage until mature
  specimen is removed

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Leaves

• Alternate arrangement, but tight to the main stem
• Scalloped margins
• Dark, thick, glossy green

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Flowers and Fruit

• Flowering occurs in spring small white/pink
  clusters
• Fruit are bright red and hang from the plant
• Persist on the plants for several months

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Fruit and Seed

• Fruit readily consumed by wildlife - birds
• Seed viability is very high and germinate in a
  wide range of soil conditions

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Mechanical

1. Hand pull young seedlings, including all roots,
   repeated pulling for resprouts
2. Mowing or clipping/chopping is effective, but
   must be repeated due to resprouting from
   rootstocks. However, mowing may not be practical
   in many areas.

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Chemical - Foliar

• Over-the-top applications for seedlings and large
  plants
• Thoroughly wet leaves with herbicide
• Glyphosate 2-3 solution plus surfactant at
  0.25 to increase herbicide penetration of the
  waxy leaves
• 2,4-D 2-3 solution is also effective, but only
  on seedlings or resprouts

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Chemical - Foliar

1. Over-the-top applications for seedlings and large
   plants
2. Use 18 triclopyr solution with basal oil or 10
   diesel fuel

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Impacts

• Category II invasive species (FLEPPC)
• Limited spread into undisturbed sites
• Strong competitor
• Readily establishes, high quantity of seed or
  resprouting
• Fixes nitrogen
• Competes effectively for sunlight and nutrients

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Stems and Bark

• Younger stems lime green, covered with lenticels
  (small pits in bark)
• On older stems becomes light brown to grayish
• Smooth bark

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Leaves

• Alternately arranged
• Bipinnate compound
• 6 to 20 inches long
• 20 to 60 leaflets per branch
• Leaf arrangement gives mimosa fern-like or
  feathery appearance

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Flowers

• Flowering occurs from May to July
• Borne in terminal clusters at base of the current
  years twigs
• Fragrant, pink in color, frizzy

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Fruit and Seed

• Flat seed pods, straw-colored, 6 inches long
• Pod contains 5 to 10 seeds, light brown
  oval-shaped
• Seed pods persist on the tree throughout winter

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Seed

• Scarification required for germination
• Seed dormancy for many years
• Dispersal occurs through water and may occur
  through wildlife ingestion and excretion