Title: Name Michelangelo
1Name Michelangelos most famous painting
sculpture.
2What period did Rafael belong to?
3Name two characteristics of the nation state.
- Taxes
- Standing army
- Bureaucracy
- Support of townspeople
4Who was the father of Humanism?
5What political structure did the strong nation
state replace?
6What Treaty kept the City-States unified against
outside threat?
7Which emperor united the Spanish and Austrian
sides of the Habsburg empire?
8What were the three main characteristics of the
Spanish Empire in America?
- Roman Cath.
- Social hierarchy
- Econ. Dependence
9Who was the most popular classical figure during
the Renaissance?
10Who hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come
from the Medicis?
11What was Castigliones main emphasis?
- Proper behavior for every situation
12Name the three main components of the colonial
economy in Latin America.
13What was Erasmus philosophy a combination of?
- Christian and classical beliefs
14Who conquered the Incas? The Aztecs?
15Name three countries where strong nation-states
developed.
16Name two key places where they did not.
17What alliance was formed to remove the French
from Italy?
18Name the Popes of this era that were more
political than spiritual.
19Name the work and author that describe an ideal
society that will never exist.
20The Age of Exploration was driven by desire for
what two things?
21What work and author focused on mans ability to
determine his destiny?
- Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della
Mirandola
22What two noble houses fought in the War of the
Roses?
23What English dynasty emerges from the War of the
Roses?
- Tudor (starting with Henry VII)
24Why is Machiavellis emphasis on virtu so
humanist?
- Strong individual
- Classical source (Rome)
25Who was the Renaissance Man?
26How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the
Middle Ages?
- Realism
- Accurate anatomy
- Secular patronage
27What economic developments allowed for secular
patronage of the arts?
28What major war of the Middle Ages helped unify
France England individually by pitting them
against each other?
29Identify the two major northern humanists.
30How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a
departure from the High Ren?
31What issue caused a split between Thomas More
Henry VIII?
- Henrys desire for a divorce
32Who did Alexander VI try to install as ruler of
Romagna?
33Who was the first to invite the French over the
Alps and break the Treaty of Lodi?
- Ludovico il Moro of Milan
34What was the virtu that Machiavelli so valued?
- The ability to act heroically decisively
35Who was the German master of Northern Ren.
Painting?
36Who were the crazy dutchmen of the Northern
Ren.?
37Who was the Spider King who ruled France at the
peak of its power in the 1400s?
38What was the primary requirement for being a
Renaissance Prince?
39What technological process that preceded movable
metal type made mass printing more feasible?
40List two reasons the church feared the humanists.
- Self-reliance
- Outside interpretations
- Authorities other than God
41What is the message of Boccaccios Decameron?
- Beware of immoral behavior
42What two entities did Erasmus compare in trying
to demonstrate the true nature of Xianity?
43What kind of activity did Petrarch inspire?
- Examination of the classics
- Writing related to them
44Name 4 of the major Italian city-states.
- Venice
- Florence
- Milan
- Pisa
- Genoa,
- Romagna (Papal States)
45What did the competing political factions of the
Renaissance use to communicate with the masses?
46Identify two classical features that were
prominent in Ren. Architecture.
- Domes
- Columns
- Roman arches
- Ornamentation
- Integrated supports
47Which two nations were most involved in the
exploration of the New World during the
Renaissance?
48What did Ferdinand Isabelle do (besides get
married) to unify the nation of Spain?
- secure borders
- venture abroad militarily
- strengthen the RC church
49Why would the Printers Guild have supported the
Reformation?
- Economic stake
- literate and sophisticated
- often opposed to govt
50What did the Reformation offer peasants?
- A chance for political liberation and social
betterment
51Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses?
- At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)
52What did the benefice system allow the laity to
do?
- Buy desirable church offices
- benefit economically
53What 2 lay movements were the biggest attackers
of the medieval church?
- Lollards (Wyclif)
- Hussites (Hus)
54What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired
the 95 Theses?
55What was the jubilee indulgence supposed to pay
for?
- New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome
56What pushed Luther to discover justification by
faith?
- His own feelings of unworthiness
57What did the Council of Trent say about church
language and the official Bible?
- Speak Latin
- use the Vulgate
58What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther
quickly and efficiently?
- He was always at war (usually with the Valois)
- busy trying to get elected HRE
59Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts
in Germany?
60How did Luther respond to the charges brought
against him at the Diet of Worms?
- Here I Stand, would not change
61How did members of the Schmalkaldic League
benefit from the Ref. Economically?
- Took over Church lands property
62Why did the political structure of Germany and
Switzerland make them easier to reform?
- Small territories governed by princes instead of
sovereign monarchies
63Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland
make them easier to reform?
- Far from Italy, divided into small parts (states)
64Who said Whatever lacks scriptural support
should not be believed or practiced
65What group believed in adult baptism and were
eventually opposed by both Protestants and
Catholics?
- Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered at Munster)
66What was the formal name of the order founded by
Ignatius Loyola?
67Identify two major characteristics of the Jesuits.
- Focused on church
- underground missionaries
- great educators
- confessors to kings
68Who were the elect?
- Those predestined for salvation (Calvin)
69Why is it politically dangerous for a Pope to
call a Council?
70Which Pope gets the counter reformation rolling?
- Paul III, 28 years after the 95 Theses
71Who said We are all equal in the eyes of God,
members of the Priesthood of all Believers?
72What group called on clergy to live as examples
and upheld the doctrine of the Catholic Church?
73Where did the Council of Trent place tradition
relative to scripture?
74What do the U L in Calvins TULIP stand for?
- Unconditional Election
- Limited Atonement
75Under which monarch did England become truly
Protestant (theologically)?
76In what work can this original English Protestant
theology be found?
- Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)
77What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face
when she came to the throne?
78Name at least three major causes of the
Reformation.
- Humanism
- Hus Wyclif
- political division
- church abuses
- social inequality
79Why did Zwingli feel penance was unnecessary?
- Christ had already borne the pain for our sins
80What happened when Calvin tried to reform
Geneva the first time?
- Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of new papacy)
81What tool did Calvin use to create his New
Jerusalem?
- Strict moral code (spread through sermons and
Catechism)
82What did Catholics and Prots. call unbelievers
from the other side?
- Heretics papists (respectively)
83Which English monarch attempted to reinstate
Roman Catholicism?
84Which two sacraments did Luther claim were
legitimate?
- Baptism
- Communion (Eucharist)
85What book provided the majority of the doctrine
for the Anglican Church?
86Name the two major down sides of the Counter
Reformation.
- Index of Forbidden Books
- Inquisition
87What issue kept the German and Swiss Reformations
from uniting?
- The physical presence of Christ in communion
88What finally gave princes in the HRE official
control over religion?
- the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
89What was the main reason Henry VIII started the
English Reformation?
- Wanted an annulment from Catharine
- desired control over church structure
- resources
90Name the major Protestant Group in each of the
following areas England, Scotland, Switzerland,
North Germany.
- Anglicans
- Puritans
- Calvinists
- Lutherans
91What type of art reflected the spirit of the
Counter Reformation?
92What is Baroque Art designed to do?
- Get an emotional response/reaction
93What percentage of Protestant converts were
reconverted by the Catholic Reformation?
94List three components of Calvins moral code.
- No drinking
- no dancing
- no plays
- religious music
- psalm reading in taverns
95Identify the two major events that push Luther
into the arms of the nobles.
- Peasant Revolt
- squashing the Anabaptists
96Why was it tough to be a Prot. In France?
- Concordat of Bologna (state control of church)
97Why did Luther abandon the Peasants in their
revolt of 1524?
- not Christians role to transform society
- better politically to back princes
98What family did Catherine de Medicis most often
conspire with?
99What percentage of French aristocracy joined the
Huguenots to protest the Guise controlled
monarchy?
100What was the major outcome, other than dead
people, of the St. Barts day Massacre?
- Increased fighting between Catholics and
Protestants
101Name the politique who succeeded Henry III.
102Identify three freedoms guaranteed Hugs by the
Edict of Nantes.
- Worship
- Assemble
- attend university
- fortify towns
- hold public offices
103What was Coligny trying to get Charles IX to do?
- aid Prots. in Netherlands
104How did Calvinists organize the churches and
governments?
105How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to
conflict in France?
- converting to Catholicism
- Edict of Nantes
106Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried to conquer
in this unit.
- The Netherlands
- Portugal
- England
107What effect did the Spanish Fury have on the
Southern 10 provinces of the Netherlands?
- It caused them to briefly unit with the northern
7 vs. the Spanish (Pac. of Ghent)
108What country was formed by the lower 10 provinces
of the Netherlands?
- Spanish Neth., which becomes Belgium
109What leader of the Dutch resistance became a
martyr for the cause?
110What treaty brought English help to Protestants
fighting in France the Netherlands?
111What religion is most of modern day Belgium?
112What was Phillip IIs religious justification for
going into the Netherlands?
- enforcing Council of Trent
113What were Spains economic motives for trying to
hold on to the Netherlands?
- tax
- valuable trade shipping
114Who did Phillip II put in charge of uniting the
Dutch churches and govt?
115When Granvelle failed how did Phillip II respond?
- sent in the Duke of Alba to use military force
116What tactics did the Dutch resisters use against
the Spanish Army?
117Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland?
118Who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of all
Catholic practices and structures?
119Who did Protestants want to succeed Mary I?
120Who did John Knox rail on?
- Female rulers (Elizabeth, Marys, CDM)
121Why was Mary QOS executed?
- Plotting to kill Elizabeth I
122Name 2 things that brought about the demise of
the Armada.
123What RC things did the Elizabethan Settlement
keep? What Protestant things?
- Church hierarchy ceremony
- Book of Common Prayer
- 39 Articles
124What event provided inspiration for Protestants
and marked the beginning of the end for Spain?
125What does cuius regio, eius religio mean?
- The ruler determines religion
126What were Ferdinand IIs chief goals at the start
of the 30 Years War?
- centralize his control over HRE
- re-Catholicize the empire
127What Swedish King swung the 30 yrs. War in favor
of the Protestants? What was his strength?
- Gustavus Adolphus
- military leadership
128Why did the English want to keep the Spanish out
of the Netherlands?
- fear of invasion
- trade rivalry
129Name 2 groups that came in to support the Prots
in the 30 Years War.
- Swedes
- Richelieu
- Danes
- Dutch
130Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War?
131What two countries continued their conflict past
the end of the 30 Years War?
- Spain France (ending with Treaty of Pyrenees in
1659)
132Why did France Richelieu side with the Prots.
during the 30 Years War?
- hated Haps Spanish,
- wanted weak Ger.
133What were Christian IV Gustavus Adolphus trying
to gain territorially?
- states in N. Germany (Holstein Brandenburg)
134How did families like the Medicis the Fuggers
exert their power?
135Name one of the two military leaders Ferdinand II
brought in to fight the Prots.
- Maximilian (of Bavaria)
- Wallenstein
136Identify two of the major outcomes of the 30
Years war.
- France most powerful
- Ger. states separate
- continuation of Augsburg
- Switz. Neth. are independent
137Identify three key outcomes of the Peace of
Westphalia.
- Swiss independence
- Dutch independence
- Hapsburgs looooooooooose
- extension of Augsburg (Calv.)
- French get territory
138Identify three causes of the commercial
revolution.
- needs of N-S
- putting out, rising pop.
- new industries
- new shipping/colonies
139Identify two rivalries that came about as a
result of the Commercial Revolution.
- Eng. vs. Spain
- Spain vs. Dutch
140What is the main goal of mercantilism?
- strengthen your economy at the expense of another
141Identify four components of mercantilism.
- Tariffs
- Bullionism
- Colonies
- sea trade
- support for industry
- exporting finished goods
- full employment
- large population
142What Petition required the consent of Parliament
for all taxation?
143Name two of the devices used by the Stuarts to
raise funds outside of Par.
- ship money
- Impositions
- forced loan
- 1/4 troops
144What did both James I Charles I do that the
traditional nobility found threatening?
145Name 5 guys from this unit who believed in the
divine right of kings?
- Charles I, II
- James I, II
- Louis XIV
146What policy let Charles I rule without Parliament?
147Why did the Scots rebel in 1637? What did this
force Charles to do?
- Charles Laud were try to force episcopal system
on them - Call Parliament
148Why did Charles I disband the Short Par?
- demanded redress of grievances
149What were the supporters of Charles and the
Parliament called, respectively?
- Cavaliers (Mon/Ang)
- Roundheads (Par/Pur)
150What was the main military reason the Roundheads
were able to win the ECW?
- The prowess of the New Model Army holding most
big towns ports
151Name 2 things abolished by the Rump Parliament.
- House of Lords
- Anglican Church and the monarchy (they kill
Charles I)
152How did Cromwell rule the commonwealth of
England?
- as Lord Protector over 10 districts run by
generals
153Name two things that made Charles II appear to be
pro-RC.
- love of ceremony
- RC wife
- support for France Louis XIV
154What Code excluded both RCs Puritans from
public life in England?
155What Act did Parliament pass during the
Restoration to keep RCs out of government? Who
did they fear?
156What law required that English imports be carried
on English ships? What nation was this designed
to hurt?
- Navigation Acts
- the Dutch Republic
157What two groups formed in England toward the end
of Charles IIs reign? Who did each support?
- Tories (king)
- Whigs (opposed to king)
158Whose overly absolutist policies pushed these two
groups together?
- James II (attempt to assert absolute authority,
threat of RC)
159Who did the Whigs Tories call to throne in 1688?
- Mary (Prot. daughter of James II)
- William III of Orange
160What did William Mary agree to accept in the
Glorious Rev.?
- Bill of Rights
- Constitutional monarchy
161Why would William be willing to accept such terms
that would limit his power?
- chance to be King of Eng.
- oppose Louis XIV
162What 2 people rebuilt France after the religious
conflict?
- Swanson and Kilmer
- Henry IV duke of Sully
163What would Richelieu do to nobles who refused to
follow his reforms?
164What French leader was determined to suppress
Protestants domestically but willing to support
them internationally?
165How did French nobility townspeople respond to
Mazarins continuation of Richelieus policies?
166Who was Louis XIVs chief advisor while he was a
minor?
167What was the role of the intendants?
- supervise local activities for bur.,
- keep eye on parlements
168What was Louis XIV main military goal?
- Secure borders in the Alps at the Rhine
- ultimately expansion
169Name three things Louis XIV did to glorify
himself in the eyes of the public.
- Arts
- Army
- Ceremony
- Propaganda
- Versailles
170Name 2 components of mercantilism under Colbert.
- develop resources, encourage industry, high
tariffs, French imports on French ships, the
tailles
171How did most of Europe respond to Louis XIV when
he took Strasbourg in 1681? What war started out
of this?
- Formed the League of Augsburg, Nine Years War
172Why did Louis XIV never call the Estates General?
- source of power for nobility, didnt need them
for
173What action by Louis XIV caused the emigration of
250,000 Huguenots and the closure of Protestant
schools churches?
- Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685
174In which direction was Louis trying to expand in
the Nine Years War?
175Whos philosophy was one king, one law, one
faith?
176What Treaty gave Louis the right to keep to put
his grandson on the throne of Spain?
177What did the Treaty of Utrecht give the English?
178Who was removed from Parliament in Prides
Purge?
- Presbyterians who insisted on their church system
179Where did the Royalists go after Charles Is
execution? What did they do?
- France, resisted Cromwell Commonwealth
180Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV invaded the
Netherlands in 1670?
- making fun, territory, had England as an ally
181Where was Louis XIV looking to expand in the war
of Devolution?
182Who was determined to give France peace an
improved economy in the early 1700s?
183What financial crisis crushed French faith in
public finance?
- Mississippi Bubble Crisis
184Why did Fleury fail?
- died too soon, Louis XV was a fool
185Name three general attributes of eastern Europe.
- agrarian, technologically behind, authoritarian
rule
186What country bad declined by 1650 because of
foolish monarchs decline of imports from the
New World?
187What country had declined by 1750 because of
political disunity overextension of their trade
empire?
188What industry did this country remain dominant in?
189Which political group did George I favor when he
came to Britain?
190Which party supported a strong monarchy, low
taxes, and the Anglican Church?
191Who dominated control of the House of Commons in
the 1700s?
192Who supported the Stuart pretenders in the
early 1700s?
193Who rose to the office of Prime Minister by
solving the South Sea Bubble crisis?
194How did Walpole take executive powers away from
the monarchy?
- formation of the cabinet system (treasury,
military, etc.)
195Name two countries whose decay led to advances by
Prussia and Russia.
196What two countries fought in the Great Northern
War? Who won?
- Russia and Sweden, Russia
197Whose diet required unanimity on all issues? Why
was this a weakness?
- Poland, difficult to pass taxes to fund army (
other key decisions)
198Which Hapsburg repelled Turks Louis gained in
Austria Hungary?
199What agreement provided a legal basis for Maria
Theresa to rule Austria? How well did it work?
- Pragmatic Sanction not very well, the other
European powers did not honor it
200What declining power in the east allowed the
Hapsburgs Hohenzollerns to fill the power
vacuum?
201Name two groups the Hapsburgs forced into their
Austrian Empire.
- Italians from Lombard, Slavs (Bohemia), Magyars
(Hungary)
202What were the primary characteristics of the
Prussian state?
- military discipline administrative rigor
203What was the primary accomplishment of the Great
Elector?
- Uniting the Prussian State
204How does he accomplish this?
- taxes to build army, Junkers must go through him
for power, improve farming industry
205Who spent extravagantly received the title King
of Prussia in exchange for help in the war of
Spanish Succession?
206Why did the Hapsburgs decide to focus on Austria?
- decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years War
207How did the Great Elector other Hohenzollerns
keep the Junkers in line?
208Which Prussian king imposed austerity and built
the Prussian army to 80,000?
209Who inherits Prussias army at its peak and is
ready to use it to expand Prussian Power? Where
does he take the army first?
- Frederick II, into Silesia vs. Austria
210What three groups opposed Peter the Great in his
plans for Westernization?
211How were the Boyars tamed by Peter the Great?
- Social standing determined by job, shave-o-rama,
loyal to state first
212Who revolted when Peter went west? How were they
tamed?
- Streltsy, torture execution, corpses on display
213What are always Russias two main assets?
214What right/privilege did both the Hapsburgs
Hohenzollerns grant the nobility to curry favor?
- domination of peasants serfs
215Where did Peter build his great, superficially
western, capital? How was it positioned to be a
window to the west?
- St. Petersburg, on the Baltic
216Name two ways that Peter the Great reformed
Russias army.
- improved weapons, discipline, outside officers,
regiments, western uniforms, Go Russia t-shirts
217What is Peter the Greats primary military goal?
Where is he able to achieve this?
- warm water ports, on the Baltic
218Name two steps Peter took to improve Russias
economy.
- mercantilism, western craftsman, industrial
serfs, iron
219How do the Russians defend themselves against
invasion by Charles XII?
- Draw him in let him freeze starve
220Why does Peter have his son killed?
- he opposed westernization Peter feared he would
reverse his policies
221What two classical thinkers were most of the
early scientific beliefs based on?
222Who was the first to refute Ptolemy?
223How did Brahes opposition benefit Copernicus?
224Name Brahes assistant that drew pro-Copernican
conclusions from Brahes work?
225How did the church respond to Galileos use of
the telescope?
- They condemned it, God would have made us able
to see it
226Who was the father of modern philosophy?
227Who were the two great political thinkers of the
17th century?
228What major movement did the new science lead to?
229Who was the champion of the empirical method?
What does this method encourage?
- Bacon, observations based on lots of data
230What was Newtons major work?
231How does Newton unlock the door to the rest of
scientific discovery?
- universal gravitation was major missing link
232Identify 2 major influences on the literature of
the 17th century.
- ECW, counter-reformation, restoration,
Elizabethan times
233Who confronted both the Jesuits skeptics and
argued for the separation of religion science?
234What was the main point of Don Quixote?
- a combination of realism idealism are important
for a happy life
235Describe Shakespeares political social outlook.
236What work and author described the fall of Satan?
237What work and author described the effects of too
much Restoration Partying?
- Bunyans Life and Death of Mr. Badman
238Who argued that the existence of God was rational?
239Who was the first scientist to maintain that
mathematical relationships explain everything?
240What were the two of the main influences on
Hobbes Locke?
- ECW, Louis XIV Glorious Revolution
241List two of Lockes major beliefs.
- blank slate, overthrow bad govt, natural state
is freedom, natural rights life, liberty
property
242Who believed that people must turn over their
rights to a strong ruler his rule would prevent
anarchy?
243How did Hobbes absolute ruler control his people?
- Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for
pleasure
244What were the four most formative causes of the
enlightenment?
- print culture, need for reform in France, Sci.
Rev., success of GB
245Who are the three most prominent philosophes?
- Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau
246Why would you associate Voltaire with our 1st
amendment?
- he advocated basic freedoms
247Name the author and work that discussed Laissez
Faire Economics.
- Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
248Who was Adam Smiths chief influence, and what
system did he attack?
- physiocrats, mercantilism
249Why did philosophes criticize the church?
- promoted evil acts, took advantage of political
position, emphasis on superstition, didnt
practice toleration, imperfection of man
250In what role did the Deists place God?
- divine watchmaker, created world and stood back
251What two groups responded to Deism by making
religion more personal?
252Who criticized bigotry advocated free speech in
works like Candide?
253What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of
govt?
- Three branch, separation of powers
254What is it about Montesquieus background that
influenced these beliefs?
- He was part of the noble Resurgence after Louis
XIV
255Name three major beliefs of Rousseau.
- Society over individual, bend to will, glorified
motherhood, MW in separate spheres
256How did women benefit from the enlightenment?
- emphasis on education, saloneirs, glorification
of motherhood
257Why was the first encyclopedia such a major
undertaking? Who edited it?
- first time any group tried to compile all
knowledge, Diderot
258If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one
word, what would it be?
- darn well better be reason
259What were the three basic classes of the Ancien
Regime?
- nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants
260What were Jethro Tulls two main contributions to
the Ag. Rev.?
261Who introduced the new crop rotation system that
included turnips and clover?
262What did the flying shuttle create a demand for?
263What country was famous for land reclamation?
264Name two reasons the Industrial Revolution
started in Great Britain.
- coal iron, individual liberties, roads
waterways, relatively mobile social structure
265Name 2 characteristics of NW European families in
the Ancien Regime.
- nuclear, married later, smaller
266What commonly caused urban riots?
- inflated prices, threat to traditional right,
unjust action
267What group might encourage peasants to riot
against the nobility?
268What did many new cities lack that would have
helped them handle the influx of people?
269Why did Frederick II start the War of Aust.
Succession?
- wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was weak
270What was the world population in 1750?
271Why did landlords want to enclose their lands?
- higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of
new methods
272What happened to many peasants as a result of
enclosure?
- cut loose from the land, forced to look for other
employment
273What country held colonies in the St. Lawrence
Ohio River valleys?
274Why was the war of Jenkins Ear important?
- Kick off to series of conflicts
275What did GB do to keep the French busy on the
continent during the 7 Years War?
- Gave lots of aid to Prussia
276How did Maria Theresa keep her kingdom together
during the War of Austrian Succession?
- Concessions to the nobility, esp. the Magyars
277Name the worst country to be a peasant in.
- Russia (Poland was a close 2nd)
278What event marked a major shift in traditional
alliances?
- Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
279What war did this Revolution lead to?
280Name two things the British gained from the 7
Years War.
- All of NA east of the Miss., trade rights in
India, disappearance of France from colonial scene
281Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility?
- inherited legal rights privileges
282How did GB try to address the massive war debt
they were left with after the 7 Years War?
283How was the average European Jew treated during
the Ancien Regime?
- non-citizen, lived in separated area,
discriminated against
284What right were the British abusing before the
War of Jenkins Ear?
285Who were the 2 chief rivals in this era of
colonial expansion?
286What is an audencia?
- A judicial council in the New World
287What action started the 7 Years War?
- Frederick IIs preemptive strike on Saxony
288Name 2 benefits of the steam engine.
- Move factories away from rivers, constant source
of power
289In which industry did the Industrial Revolution
start?
290What system was replaced by the factory system?
291Name one factor that may have led to the
population boom that started in the mid-1700s.
- End of the plague, less warfare, improved health
292Name the two crops that were introduced from the
New World.
293What cause did John Wilkes associate himself with?
- opposition to George III individual liberty
294What institution did the Wilksites want reformed?
295What problem did the 7 Years War leave all of its
participants with?
296How did increased demand for sugar and cotton in
Europe lead to increased slavery?
- plantation system demands it
297What were the American colonists originally
trying to protect when they revolted against GB?
298In what kinds of places did the new cities
spring up?
- waterways, road hubs, sea ports
299What are the two basic types of Bourg.?
- commercial/financial bureaucratic/professional
300Where would you be living if you got married at
17 had 10 kids and lived with your aunts, uncles,
cousins, and grandparents?
301What was the primary unit of both production and
consumption during the Ancien Regime?
302Where did Dutch trade influence remain high in
the 1700s?
303What are colonies supposed to provide to the
home country?
- markets and raw materials
304How did the new govt they created differ from
all previous govts?
- Equality of all white men, no aristocracy or
social classes by birth, no king
305Name three causes of the French Rev..
- Food shortages prices, heavy taxation of poor,
little taxation of nobles clergy, bourgeoisie
vs. nobles, nobles vs. monarchy
306List two reasons why the French govt was in so
much debt.
- 7 Years War, American Rev., War of Austrian
Succession, couldnt tax upper classes
307What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left
the Estates General? What did they promise in
the Tennis Court Oath?
- National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote
a constitution
308What group did this become when it was recognized
by Louis XVI?
- National Constituent Assembly (NCA)
309What class were the reps of the 3rd Estate from?
310How did nobles react to the Great Fear?
- renounced their rights, cleared way for Cons.
311What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm
the Bastille?
- muster troops around Paris
312Whats significant about who was involved in
storming the Bastille?
- Entrance of the popular masses into the revolution
313What kind of representation voting did the
nobility want in the EG?
- Equal number of reps for each estate voting by
order
314What was the purpose of the Dec. of Rights of Man
and Citizen?
- Guiding statement for the Cons. of 1791
315Who got the franchise under the Cons. of 1791?
- Active citizens (pay taxes to 3 days of labor)
316What revolutionary faction was more moderate and
favored Constitutional Monarchy?
317Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated
his anti-revolutionary sentiment.
- muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to
Varennes, refractory clergy
318Identify two components of the Civil Cons. of the
Clergy. What impact did it have on the French
clergy?
- elected clergy, reorganized dioceses, seized
lands Split them (refractory)
319How did the Pope respond to the CCC?
- condemned it and the Rev.
320Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles?
- food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights
321What were the chief concerns of the sans-culottes?
322Which enlightenment thinkers ideas are most
evident in the French Revolution? Where?
- Rousseau separate sphere, General Will,
323Name two components of the economic reform under
the Cons. of 1791.
- assignats, guilds banned, more equitable
taxation, laissez faire
324Despite their active participation in the
revolution, which two groups were consistently
left out?
325What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria
Prussia produce?
- panic, fear, invasion mentality
326What tool did the Convention use to mobilize
France for war? name two components of this tool.
- levee en masse conscription of all males, price
ceilings, war production
327Give two examples of occasions when the Bourgeois
revolutionaries benefited from the actions of the
poor.
- Versailles, Bastille, insurrection, expulsion of
Girondin, rev. army
328What revolutionary faction was more radical and
favored a republic?
329Why did the Convention try to dechristianize
France?
- religion would get in the way of the virtuous
republic, second authority
330What two places did the Dec. of Rights of Man and
Citizen get its ideas from?
- Dec. of Independence Enlightenment
331What did the Paris Commune force the Legislative
Assembly to do?
- step down and give way to the National Convention
(start of the 2nd Rev.)
332What event led to the formation of the Paris
Commune?
- the Paris insurrection of August, 1792 (attack on
Tuileries)
333Identify two of Edmund Burkes criticisms of the
Revolution.
- revs have no govt experience, democracy sucks
(popular govt cant work)
334Describe the politics and religion of the
countryside in comparison with those of Paris.
- more conservative and traditional or devoutly RC
335What was Robespierres overarching (ultimate)
goal?
336Name two steps he was willing to take to achieve
this goal.
- dechristianize, suppression of rights, massive
bloody guillotine death
337What was the white terror?
- backlash against the red terrorists of
Robespierres terror
338How did Robespierre wind up turning the blade of
terror against himself?
- eliminated opposition without cultivating allies
339Describe the govt set up by the Cons. of Year
III.
- Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.), Directory
(exec.)
340What did the Directory use to maintain its power?
341What did Babeuf claim in 1796?
- Rev. has not gone far enough
342What group benefited the most in the end from
both revolutions?
343Name three things women did as participants in
the revolution.
- Society of Women, spokespeople, Versailles,
fought in army
344Put these in order Nat. Assembly, Convention,
NCA, Legislative Assembly, Estates General
- Estates General, Nat. Assembly, NCA, Legislative
Assembly, Convention
345How did the goals of enlightened absolutists
differ from those of the traditional absolutists?
- They didnt - just used enlightenment ideas
346Who was the ultimate enlightened absolutist?
Identify two of his reforms.
- Joseph II seized church lands, taxation for
all, punishment for all, abolished serfdom,
nobility out of bur.
347Who tried to continue in Peters footsteps as the
westernizer of Russia? What made his/her
position so precarious?
- Catherine the Great, non-Russian, female, had to
rely on nobility
348Name two enlightened actions of Frederick the
Great.
- legal reform, reduce control over peasants,
agricultural reforms, religious toleration
349What was shocking about Joseph IIs religious
toleration?
- He was a Hapsburg (very RC)
350What brings Enlightened Absolutism to a
screeching halt?