Name Michelangelo

1
Name Michelangelos most famous painting
sculpture.

• Sistene Chapel
• David

2
What period did Rafael belong to?

• High Renaissance

3
Name two characteristics of the nation state.

• Taxes
• Standing army
• Bureaucracy
• Support of townspeople

4
Who was the father of Humanism?

• Petrarch

5
What political structure did the strong nation
state replace?

• Feudal monarchy

6
What Treaty kept the City-States unified against
outside threat?

• Treaty of Lodi

7
Which emperor united the Spanish and Austrian
sides of the Habsburg empire?

• Charles V

8
What were the three main characteristics of the
Spanish Empire in America?

• Roman Cath.
• Social hierarchy
• Econ. Dependence

9
Who was the most popular classical figure during
the Renaissance?

• Plato

10
Who hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come
from the Medicis?

• Machiavelli

11
What was Castigliones main emphasis?

• Proper behavior for every situation

12
Name the three main components of the colonial
economy in Latin America.

• Mining
• Shipping
• Farming

13
What was Erasmus philosophy a combination of?

• Christian and classical beliefs

14
Who conquered the Incas? The Aztecs?

• Pizarro
• Cortes

15
Name three countries where strong nation-states
developed.

• Spain
• France
• England

16
Name two key places where they did not.

• Italy
• HRE

17
What alliance was formed to remove the French
from Italy?

• League of Venice

18
Name the Popes of this era that were more
political than spiritual.

• Julius II
• Alexander VI

19
Name the work and author that describe an ideal
society that will never exist.

• Utopia, Thomas More

20
The Age of Exploration was driven by desire for
what two things?

• Spices
• Precious metals

21
What work and author focused on mans ability to
determine his destiny?

• Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della
  Mirandola

22
What two noble houses fought in the War of the
Roses?

• Lancasters
• Yorks

23
What English dynasty emerges from the War of the
Roses?

• Tudor (starting with Henry VII)

24
Why is Machiavellis emphasis on virtu so
humanist?

• Strong individual
• Classical source (Rome)

25
Who was the Renaissance Man?

• Leonardo da Vinci

26
How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the
Middle Ages?

• Realism
• Accurate anatomy
• Secular patronage

27
What economic developments allowed for secular
patronage of the arts?

• Increased trade
• Banking

28
What major war of the Middle Ages helped unify
France England individually by pitting them
against each other?

• 100 Years War

29
Identify the two major northern humanists.

• More
• Erasmus

30
How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a
departure from the High Ren?

• Gothic
• Supernatural

31
What issue caused a split between Thomas More
Henry VIII?

• Henrys desire for a divorce

32
Who did Alexander VI try to install as ruler of
Romagna?

• Cesare Borgia, his son

33
Who was the first to invite the French over the
Alps and break the Treaty of Lodi?

• Ludovico il Moro of Milan

34
What was the virtu that Machiavelli so valued?

• The ability to act heroically decisively

35
Who was the German master of Northern Ren.
Painting?

• Albrecht Durer

36
Who were the crazy dutchmen of the Northern
Ren.?

• Bosch
• Bruegel

37
Who was the Spider King who ruled France at the
peak of its power in the 1400s?

• Louis XI

38
What was the primary requirement for being a
Renaissance Prince?

• Power

39
What technological process that preceded movable
metal type made mass printing more feasible?

• Cheaper paper

40
List two reasons the church feared the humanists.

• Self-reliance
• Outside interpretations
• Authorities other than God

41
What is the message of Boccaccios Decameron?

• Beware of immoral behavior

42
What two entities did Erasmus compare in trying
to demonstrate the true nature of Xianity?

• Christ
• The modern clergy

43
What kind of activity did Petrarch inspire?

• Examination of the classics
• Writing related to them

44
Name 4 of the major Italian city-states.

• Venice
• Florence
• Milan
• Pisa
• Genoa,
• Romagna (Papal States)

45
What did the competing political factions of the
Renaissance use to communicate with the masses?

• Art that they patronized

46
Identify two classical features that were
prominent in Ren. Architecture.

• Domes
• Columns
• Roman arches
• Ornamentation
• Integrated supports

47
Which two nations were most involved in the
exploration of the New World during the
Renaissance?

• Spain
• Portugal

48
What did Ferdinand Isabelle do (besides get
married) to unify the nation of Spain?

• secure borders
• venture abroad militarily
• strengthen the RC church

49
Why would the Printers Guild have supported the
Reformation?

• Economic stake
• literate and sophisticated
• often opposed to govt

50
What did the Reformation offer peasants?

• A chance for political liberation and social
  betterment

51
Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses?

• At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)

52
What did the benefice system allow the laity to
do?

• Buy desirable church offices
• benefit economically

53
What 2 lay movements were the biggest attackers
of the medieval church?

• Lollards (Wyclif)
• Hussites (Hus)

54
What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired
the 95 Theses?

• Selling of indulgences

55
What was the jubilee indulgence supposed to pay
for?

• New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome

56
What pushed Luther to discover justification by
faith?

• His own feelings of unworthiness

57
What did the Council of Trent say about church
language and the official Bible?

• Speak Latin
• use the Vulgate

58
What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther
quickly and efficiently?

• He was always at war (usually with the Valois)
• busy trying to get elected HRE

59
Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts
in Germany?

• German Nobility

60
How did Luther respond to the charges brought
against him at the Diet of Worms?

• Here I Stand, would not change

61
How did members of the Schmalkaldic League
benefit from the Ref. Economically?

• Took over Church lands property

62
Why did the political structure of Germany and
Switzerland make them easier to reform?

• Small territories governed by princes instead of
  sovereign monarchies

63
Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland
make them easier to reform?

• Far from Italy, divided into small parts (states)

64
Who said Whatever lacks scriptural support
should not be believed or practiced

• Zwingli

65
What group believed in adult baptism and were
eventually opposed by both Protestants and
Catholics?

• Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered at Munster)

66
What was the formal name of the order founded by
Ignatius Loyola?

• Society of Jesus

67
Identify two major characteristics of the Jesuits.

• Focused on church
• underground missionaries
• great educators
• confessors to kings

68
Who were the elect?

• Those predestined for salvation (Calvin)

69
Why is it politically dangerous for a Pope to
call a Council?

• they can limit his power

70
Which Pope gets the counter reformation rolling?

• Paul III, 28 years after the 95 Theses

71
Who said We are all equal in the eyes of God,
members of the Priesthood of all Believers?

• Luther

72
What group called on clergy to live as examples
and upheld the doctrine of the Catholic Church?

• Council of Trent

73
Where did the Council of Trent place tradition
relative to scripture?

• On equal footing

74
What do the U L in Calvins TULIP stand for?

• Unconditional Election
• Limited Atonement

75
Under which monarch did England become truly
Protestant (theologically)?

• Edward VI

76
In what work can this original English Protestant
theology be found?

• Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)

77
What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face
when she came to the throne?

• RCs
• Anglicans
• Puritans

78
Name at least three major causes of the
Reformation.

• Humanism
• Hus Wyclif
• political division
• church abuses
• social inequality

79
Why did Zwingli feel penance was unnecessary?

• Christ had already borne the pain for our sins

80
What happened when Calvin tried to reform
Geneva the first time?

• Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of new papacy)

81
What tool did Calvin use to create his New
Jerusalem?

• Strict moral code (spread through sermons and
  Catechism)

82
What did Catholics and Prots. call unbelievers
from the other side?

• Heretics papists (respectively)

83
Which English monarch attempted to reinstate
Roman Catholicism?

• Mary I

84
Which two sacraments did Luther claim were
legitimate?

• Baptism
• Communion (Eucharist)

85
What book provided the majority of the doctrine
for the Anglican Church?

• Book of Common Prayer

86
Name the two major down sides of the Counter
Reformation.

• Index of Forbidden Books
• Inquisition

87
What issue kept the German and Swiss Reformations
from uniting?

• The physical presence of Christ in communion

88
What finally gave princes in the HRE official
control over religion?

• the Peace of Augsburg in 1555

89
What was the main reason Henry VIII started the
English Reformation?

• Wanted an annulment from Catharine
• desired control over church structure
• resources

90
Name the major Protestant Group in each of the
following areas England, Scotland, Switzerland,
North Germany.

• Anglicans
• Puritans
• Calvinists
• Lutherans

91
What type of art reflected the spirit of the
Counter Reformation?

• Baroque

92
What is Baroque Art designed to do?

• Get an emotional response/reaction

93
What percentage of Protestant converts were
reconverted by the Catholic Reformation?

• Over 50

94
List three components of Calvins moral code.

• No drinking
• no dancing
• no plays
• religious music
• psalm reading in taverns

95
Identify the two major events that push Luther
into the arms of the nobles.

• Peasant Revolt
• squashing the Anabaptists

96
Why was it tough to be a Prot. In France?

• Concordat of Bologna (state control of church)

97
Why did Luther abandon the Peasants in their
revolt of 1524?

• not Christians role to transform society
• better politically to back princes

98
What family did Catherine de Medicis most often
conspire with?

• The Guise Family (RC)

99
What percentage of French aristocracy joined the
Huguenots to protest the Guise controlled
monarchy?

• 40

100
What was the major outcome, other than dead
people, of the St. Barts day Massacre?

• Increased fighting between Catholics and
  Protestants

101
Name the politique who succeeded Henry III.

• Henry of Navarre (IV)

102
Identify three freedoms guaranteed Hugs by the
Edict of Nantes.

• Worship
• Assemble
• attend university
• fortify towns
• hold public offices

103
What was Coligny trying to get Charles IX to do?

• aid Prots. in Netherlands

104
How did Calvinists organize the churches and
governments?

• Locally

105
How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to
conflict in France?

• converting to Catholicism
• Edict of Nantes

106
Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried to conquer
in this unit.

• The Netherlands
• Portugal
• England

107
What effect did the Spanish Fury have on the
Southern 10 provinces of the Netherlands?

• It caused them to briefly unit with the northern
  7 vs. the Spanish (Pac. of Ghent)

108
What country was formed by the lower 10 provinces
of the Netherlands?

• Spanish Neth., which becomes Belgium

109
What leader of the Dutch resistance became a
martyr for the cause?

• William of Orange

110
What treaty brought English help to Protestants
fighting in France the Netherlands?

• Treaty of Nonsuch

111
What religion is most of modern day Belgium?

• Catholicism

112
What was Phillip IIs religious justification for
going into the Netherlands?

• enforcing Council of Trent

113
What were Spains economic motives for trying to
hold on to the Netherlands?

• tax
• valuable trade shipping

114
Who did Phillip II put in charge of uniting the
Dutch churches and govt?

• Cardinal Granvelle

115
When Granvelle failed how did Phillip II respond?

• sent in the Duke of Alba to use military force

116
What tactics did the Dutch resisters use against
the Spanish Army?

• guerilla warfare
• piracy

117
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland?

• Very French
• Catholic

118
Who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of all
Catholic practices and structures?

• Puritans

119
Who did Protestants want to succeed Mary I?

• Elizabeth I

120
Who did John Knox rail on?

• Female rulers (Elizabeth, Marys, CDM)

121
Why was Mary QOS executed?

• Plotting to kill Elizabeth I

122
Name 2 things that brought about the demise of
the Armada.

• Wind
• Tactics
• sea dogs

123
What RC things did the Elizabethan Settlement
keep? What Protestant things?

• Church hierarchy ceremony
• Book of Common Prayer
• 39 Articles

124
What event provided inspiration for Protestants
and marked the beginning of the end for Spain?

• Defeat of the Armada

125
What does cuius regio, eius religio mean?

• The ruler determines religion

126
What were Ferdinand IIs chief goals at the start
of the 30 Years War?

• centralize his control over HRE
• re-Catholicize the empire

127
What Swedish King swung the 30 yrs. War in favor
of the Protestants? What was his strength?

• Gustavus Adolphus
• military leadership

128
Why did the English want to keep the Spanish out
of the Netherlands?

• fear of invasion
• trade rivalry

129
Name 2 groups that came in to support the Prots
in the 30 Years War.

• Swedes
• Richelieu
• Danes
• Dutch

130
Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War?

• HRE (Ferdinand)

131
What two countries continued their conflict past
the end of the 30 Years War?

• Spain France (ending with Treaty of Pyrenees in
  1659)

132
Why did France Richelieu side with the Prots.
during the 30 Years War?

• hated Haps Spanish,
• wanted weak Ger.

133
What were Christian IV Gustavus Adolphus trying
to gain territorially?

• states in N. Germany (Holstein Brandenburg)

134
How did families like the Medicis the Fuggers
exert their power?

• lending to key people

135
Name one of the two military leaders Ferdinand II
brought in to fight the Prots.

• Maximilian (of Bavaria)
• Wallenstein

136
Identify two of the major outcomes of the 30
Years war.

• France most powerful
• Ger. states separate
• continuation of Augsburg
• Switz. Neth. are independent

137
Identify three key outcomes of the Peace of
Westphalia.

• Swiss independence
• Dutch independence
• Hapsburgs looooooooooose
• extension of Augsburg (Calv.)
• French get territory

138
Identify three causes of the commercial
revolution.

• needs of N-S
• putting out, rising pop.
• new industries
• new shipping/colonies

139
Identify two rivalries that came about as a
result of the Commercial Revolution.

• Eng. vs. Spain
• Spain vs. Dutch

140
What is the main goal of mercantilism?

• strengthen your economy at the expense of another

141
Identify four components of mercantilism.

• Tariffs
• Bullionism
• Colonies
• sea trade
• support for industry

• exporting finished goods
• full employment
• large population

142
What Petition required the consent of Parliament
for all taxation?

• Petition of Right

143
Name two of the devices used by the Stuarts to
raise funds outside of Par.

• ship money
• Impositions
• forced loan
• 1/4 troops

144
What did both James I Charles I do that the
traditional nobility found threatening?

• Sold titles offices

145
Name 5 guys from this unit who believed in the
divine right of kings?

• Charles I, II
• James I, II
• Louis XIV

146
What policy let Charles I rule without Parliament?

• the thorough

147
Why did the Scots rebel in 1637? What did this
force Charles to do?

• Charles Laud were try to force episcopal system
  on them
• Call Parliament

148
Why did Charles I disband the Short Par?

• demanded redress of grievances

149
What were the supporters of Charles and the
Parliament called, respectively?

• Cavaliers (Mon/Ang)
• Roundheads (Par/Pur)

150
What was the main military reason the Roundheads
were able to win the ECW?

• The prowess of the New Model Army holding most
  big towns ports

151
Name 2 things abolished by the Rump Parliament.

• House of Lords
• Anglican Church and the monarchy (they kill
  Charles I)

152
How did Cromwell rule the commonwealth of
England?

• as Lord Protector over 10 districts run by
  generals

153
Name two things that made Charles II appear to be
pro-RC.

• love of ceremony
• RC wife
• support for France Louis XIV

154
What Code excluded both RCs Puritans from
public life in England?

• Clarendon Code

155
What Act did Parliament pass during the
Restoration to keep RCs out of government? Who
did they fear?

• Test Act
• James II

156
What law required that English imports be carried
on English ships? What nation was this designed
to hurt?

• Navigation Acts
• the Dutch Republic

157
What two groups formed in England toward the end
of Charles IIs reign? Who did each support?

• Tories (king)
• Whigs (opposed to king)

158
Whose overly absolutist policies pushed these two
groups together?

• James II (attempt to assert absolute authority,
  threat of RC)

159
Who did the Whigs Tories call to throne in 1688?

• Mary (Prot. daughter of James II)
• William III of Orange

160
What did William Mary agree to accept in the
Glorious Rev.?

• Bill of Rights
• Constitutional monarchy

161
Why would William be willing to accept such terms
that would limit his power?

• chance to be King of Eng.
• oppose Louis XIV

162
What 2 people rebuilt France after the religious
conflict?

• Swanson and Kilmer
• Henry IV duke of Sully

163
What would Richelieu do to nobles who refused to
follow his reforms?

• Imprison
• Fine
• execute

164
What French leader was determined to suppress
Protestants domestically but willing to support
them internationally?

• Richelieu

165
How did French nobility townspeople respond to
Mazarins continuation of Richelieus policies?

• the Fronde

166
Who was Louis XIVs chief advisor while he was a
minor?

• Cardinal Mazarin

167
What was the role of the intendants?

• supervise local activities for bur.,
• keep eye on parlements

168
What was Louis XIV main military goal?

• Secure borders in the Alps at the Rhine
• ultimately expansion

169
Name three things Louis XIV did to glorify
himself in the eyes of the public.

• Arts
• Army
• Ceremony
• Propaganda
• Versailles

170
Name 2 components of mercantilism under Colbert.

• develop resources, encourage industry, high
  tariffs, French imports on French ships, the
  tailles

171
How did most of Europe respond to Louis XIV when
he took Strasbourg in 1681? What war started out
of this?

• Formed the League of Augsburg, Nine Years War

172
Why did Louis XIV never call the Estates General?

• source of power for nobility, didnt need them
  for

173
What action by Louis XIV caused the emigration of
250,000 Huguenots and the closure of Protestant
schools churches?

• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

174
In which direction was Louis trying to expand in
the Nine Years War?

• East, into Germany

175
Whos philosophy was one king, one law, one
faith?

• Louis XIV

176
What Treaty gave Louis the right to keep to put
his grandson on the throne of Spain?

• Utrecht

177
What did the Treaty of Utrecht give the English?

• asiento Gibraltar

178
Who was removed from Parliament in Prides
Purge?

• Presbyterians who insisted on their church system

179
Where did the Royalists go after Charles Is
execution? What did they do?

• France, resisted Cromwell Commonwealth

180
Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV invaded the
Netherlands in 1670?

• making fun, territory, had England as an ally

181
Where was Louis XIV looking to expand in the war
of Devolution?

• Spanish Netherlands

182
Who was determined to give France peace an
improved economy in the early 1700s?

• Cardinal Fleury

183
What financial crisis crushed French faith in
public finance?

• Mississippi Bubble Crisis

184
Why did Fleury fail?

• died too soon, Louis XV was a fool

185
Name three general attributes of eastern Europe.

• agrarian, technologically behind, authoritarian
  rule

186
What country bad declined by 1650 because of
foolish monarchs decline of imports from the
New World?

• Spain

187
What country had declined by 1750 because of
political disunity overextension of their trade
empire?

• The Netherlands

188
What industry did this country remain dominant in?

• banking

189
Which political group did George I favor when he
came to Britain?

• Whigs

190
Which party supported a strong monarchy, low
taxes, and the Anglican Church?

• Tories

191
Who dominated control of the House of Commons in
the 1700s?

• Wealthy landowning men

192
Who supported the Stuart pretenders in the
early 1700s?

• Jacobites

193
Who rose to the office of Prime Minister by
solving the South Sea Bubble crisis?

• Robert Walpole

194
How did Walpole take executive powers away from
the monarchy?

• formation of the cabinet system (treasury,
  military, etc.)

195
Name two countries whose decay led to advances by
Prussia and Russia.

• Poland and Sweden

196
What two countries fought in the Great Northern
War? Who won?

• Russia and Sweden, Russia

197
Whose diet required unanimity on all issues? Why
was this a weakness?

• Poland, difficult to pass taxes to fund army (
  other key decisions)

198
Which Hapsburg repelled Turks Louis gained in
Austria Hungary?

• Leopold I

199
What agreement provided a legal basis for Maria
Theresa to rule Austria? How well did it work?

• Pragmatic Sanction not very well, the other
  European powers did not honor it

200
What declining power in the east allowed the
Hapsburgs Hohenzollerns to fill the power
vacuum?

• Ottoman Empire

201
Name two groups the Hapsburgs forced into their
Austrian Empire.

• Italians from Lombard, Slavs (Bohemia), Magyars
  (Hungary)

202
What were the primary characteristics of the
Prussian state?

• military discipline administrative rigor

203
What was the primary accomplishment of the Great
Elector?

• Uniting the Prussian State

204
How does he accomplish this?

• taxes to build army, Junkers must go through him
  for power, improve farming industry

205
Who spent extravagantly received the title King
of Prussia in exchange for help in the war of
Spanish Succession?

• Frederick I

206
Why did the Hapsburgs decide to focus on Austria?

• decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years War

207
How did the Great Elector other Hohenzollerns
keep the Junkers in line?

• best jobs in bur. mil.

208
Which Prussian king imposed austerity and built
the Prussian army to 80,000?

• Frederick William II

209
Who inherits Prussias army at its peak and is
ready to use it to expand Prussian Power? Where
does he take the army first?

• Frederick II, into Silesia vs. Austria

210
What three groups opposed Peter the Great in his
plans for Westernization?

• Boyars, Streltsy, Church

211
How were the Boyars tamed by Peter the Great?

• Social standing determined by job, shave-o-rama,
  loyal to state first

212
Who revolted when Peter went west? How were they
tamed?

• Streltsy, torture execution, corpses on display

213
What are always Russias two main assets?

• people resources

214
What right/privilege did both the Hapsburgs
Hohenzollerns grant the nobility to curry favor?

• domination of peasants serfs

215
Where did Peter build his great, superficially
western, capital? How was it positioned to be a
window to the west?

• St. Petersburg, on the Baltic

216
Name two ways that Peter the Great reformed
Russias army.

• improved weapons, discipline, outside officers,
  regiments, western uniforms, Go Russia t-shirts

217
What is Peter the Greats primary military goal?
Where is he able to achieve this?

• warm water ports, on the Baltic

218
Name two steps Peter took to improve Russias
economy.

• mercantilism, western craftsman, industrial
  serfs, iron

219
How do the Russians defend themselves against
invasion by Charles XII?

• Draw him in let him freeze starve

220
Why does Peter have his son killed?

• he opposed westernization Peter feared he would
  reverse his policies

221
What two classical thinkers were most of the
early scientific beliefs based on?

• Aristotle Ptolemy

222
Who was the first to refute Ptolemy?

• Copernicus

223
How did Brahes opposition benefit Copernicus?

• Gave him publicity

224
Name Brahes assistant that drew pro-Copernican
conclusions from Brahes work?

• Kepler

225
How did the church respond to Galileos use of
the telescope?

• They condemned it, God would have made us able
  to see it

226
Who was the father of modern philosophy?

• Descartes

227
Who were the two great political thinkers of the
17th century?

• Hobbes Locke

228
What major movement did the new science lead to?

• New Philosophy

229
Who was the champion of the empirical method?
What does this method encourage?

• Bacon, observations based on lots of data

230
What was Newtons major work?

• Principia Mathematica

231
How does Newton unlock the door to the rest of
scientific discovery?

• universal gravitation was major missing link

232
Identify 2 major influences on the literature of
the 17th century.

• ECW, counter-reformation, restoration,
  Elizabethan times

233
Who confronted both the Jesuits skeptics and
argued for the separation of religion science?

• Pascal

234
What was the main point of Don Quixote?

• a combination of realism idealism are important
  for a happy life

235
Describe Shakespeares political social outlook.

• Conservative

236
What work and author described the fall of Satan?

• Miltons Paradise Lost

237
What work and author described the effects of too
much Restoration Partying?

• Bunyans Life and Death of Mr. Badman

238
Who argued that the existence of God was rational?

• Pascal

239
Who was the first scientist to maintain that
mathematical relationships explain everything?

• Galileo

240
What were the two of the main influences on
Hobbes Locke?

• ECW, Louis XIV Glorious Revolution

241
List two of Lockes major beliefs.

• blank slate, overthrow bad govt, natural state
  is freedom, natural rights life, liberty
  property

242
Who believed that people must turn over their
rights to a strong ruler his rule would prevent
anarchy?

• Hobbes

243
How did Hobbes absolute ruler control his people?

• Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for
  pleasure

244
What were the four most formative causes of the
enlightenment?

• print culture, need for reform in France, Sci.
  Rev., success of GB

245
Who are the three most prominent philosophes?

• Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau

246
Why would you associate Voltaire with our 1st
amendment?

• he advocated basic freedoms

247
Name the author and work that discussed Laissez
Faire Economics.

• Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

248
Who was Adam Smiths chief influence, and what
system did he attack?

• physiocrats, mercantilism

249
Why did philosophes criticize the church?

• promoted evil acts, took advantage of political
  position, emphasis on superstition, didnt
  practice toleration, imperfection of man

250
In what role did the Deists place God?

• divine watchmaker, created world and stood back

251
What two groups responded to Deism by making
religion more personal?

• Pietists and Methodists

252
Who criticized bigotry advocated free speech in
works like Candide?

• Voltaire

253
What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of
govt?

• Three branch, separation of powers

254
What is it about Montesquieus background that
influenced these beliefs?

• He was part of the noble Resurgence after Louis
  XIV

255
Name three major beliefs of Rousseau.

• Society over individual, bend to will, glorified
  motherhood, MW in separate spheres

256
How did women benefit from the enlightenment?

• emphasis on education, saloneirs, glorification
  of motherhood

257
Why was the first encyclopedia such a major
undertaking? Who edited it?

• first time any group tried to compile all
  knowledge, Diderot

258
If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one
word, what would it be?

• darn well better be reason

259
What were the three basic classes of the Ancien
Regime?

• nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants

260
What were Jethro Tulls two main contributions to
the Ag. Rev.?

• iron plow and seed drill

261
Who introduced the new crop rotation system that
included turnips and clover?

• Charles Townshend

262
What did the flying shuttle create a demand for?

• thread/yarn

263
What country was famous for land reclamation?

• The Netherlands

264
Name two reasons the Industrial Revolution
started in Great Britain.

• coal iron, individual liberties, roads
  waterways, relatively mobile social structure

265
Name 2 characteristics of NW European families in
the Ancien Regime.

• nuclear, married later, smaller

266
What commonly caused urban riots?

• inflated prices, threat to traditional right,
  unjust action

267
What group might encourage peasants to riot
against the nobility?

• Bourgeoisie

268
What did many new cities lack that would have
helped them handle the influx of people?

• infrastructure

269
Why did Frederick II start the War of Aust.
Succession?

• wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was weak

270
What was the world population in 1750?

• 3/4 billion

271
Why did landlords want to enclose their lands?

• higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of
  new methods

272
What happened to many peasants as a result of
enclosure?

• cut loose from the land, forced to look for other
  employment

273
What country held colonies in the St. Lawrence
Ohio River valleys?

• France

274
Why was the war of Jenkins Ear important?

• Kick off to series of conflicts

275
What did GB do to keep the French busy on the
continent during the 7 Years War?

• Gave lots of aid to Prussia

276
How did Maria Theresa keep her kingdom together
during the War of Austrian Succession?

• Concessions to the nobility, esp. the Magyars

277
Name the worst country to be a peasant in.

• Russia (Poland was a close 2nd)

278
What event marked a major shift in traditional
alliances?

• Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

279
What war did this Revolution lead to?

• 7 Years War

280
Name two things the British gained from the 7
Years War.

• All of NA east of the Miss., trade rights in
  India, disappearance of France from colonial scene

281
Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility?

• inherited legal rights privileges

282
How did GB try to address the massive war debt
they were left with after the 7 Years War?

• Taxing their colonists

283
How was the average European Jew treated during
the Ancien Regime?

• non-citizen, lived in separated area,
  discriminated against

284
What right were the British abusing before the
War of Jenkins Ear?

• asiento

285
Who were the 2 chief rivals in this era of
colonial expansion?

• GB France

286
What is an audencia?

• A judicial council in the New World

287
What action started the 7 Years War?

• Frederick IIs preemptive strike on Saxony

288
Name 2 benefits of the steam engine.

• Move factories away from rivers, constant source
  of power

289
In which industry did the Industrial Revolution
start?

• textiles

290
What system was replaced by the factory system?

• cottage or putting-out

291
Name one factor that may have led to the
population boom that started in the mid-1700s.

• End of the plague, less warfare, improved health

292
Name the two crops that were introduced from the
New World.

• potatoes corn

293
What cause did John Wilkes associate himself with?

• opposition to George III individual liberty

294
What institution did the Wilksites want reformed?

• Parliament

295
What problem did the 7 Years War leave all of its
participants with?

• war debt

296
How did increased demand for sugar and cotton in
Europe lead to increased slavery?

• plantation system demands it

297
What were the American colonists originally
trying to protect when they revolted against GB?

• Rights as Englishmen

298
In what kinds of places did the new cities
spring up?

• waterways, road hubs, sea ports

299
What are the two basic types of Bourg.?

• commercial/financial bureaucratic/professional

300
Where would you be living if you got married at
17 had 10 kids and lived with your aunts, uncles,
cousins, and grandparents?

• SE Europe

301
What was the primary unit of both production and
consumption during the Ancien Regime?

• the family

302
Where did Dutch trade influence remain high in
the 1700s?

• Asia

303
What are colonies supposed to provide to the
home country?

• markets and raw materials

304
How did the new govt they created differ from
all previous govts?

• Equality of all white men, no aristocracy or
  social classes by birth, no king

305
Name three causes of the French Rev..

• Food shortages prices, heavy taxation of poor,
  little taxation of nobles clergy, bourgeoisie
  vs. nobles, nobles vs. monarchy

306
List two reasons why the French govt was in so
much debt.

• 7 Years War, American Rev., War of Austrian
  Succession, couldnt tax upper classes

307
What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left
the Estates General? What did they promise in
the Tennis Court Oath?

• National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote
  a constitution

308
What group did this become when it was recognized
by Louis XVI?

• National Constituent Assembly (NCA)

309
What class were the reps of the 3rd Estate from?

• Bourgeoisie

310
How did nobles react to the Great Fear?

• renounced their rights, cleared way for Cons.

311
What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm
the Bastille?

• muster troops around Paris

312
Whats significant about who was involved in
storming the Bastille?

• Entrance of the popular masses into the revolution

313
What kind of representation voting did the
nobility want in the EG?

• Equal number of reps for each estate voting by
  order

314
What was the purpose of the Dec. of Rights of Man
and Citizen?

• Guiding statement for the Cons. of 1791

315
Who got the franchise under the Cons. of 1791?

• Active citizens (pay taxes to 3 days of labor)

316
What revolutionary faction was more moderate and
favored Constitutional Monarchy?

• Girondins

317
Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated
his anti-revolutionary sentiment.

• muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to
  Varennes, refractory clergy

318
Identify two components of the Civil Cons. of the
Clergy. What impact did it have on the French
clergy?

• elected clergy, reorganized dioceses, seized
  lands Split them (refractory)

319
How did the Pope respond to the CCC?

• condemned it and the Rev.

320
Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles?

• food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights

321
What were the chief concerns of the sans-culottes?

• food and representation

322
Which enlightenment thinkers ideas are most
evident in the French Revolution? Where?

• Rousseau separate sphere, General Will,

323
Name two components of the economic reform under
the Cons. of 1791.

• assignats, guilds banned, more equitable
  taxation, laissez faire

324
Despite their active participation in the
revolution, which two groups were consistently
left out?

• poor (esp. urban) women

325
What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria
Prussia produce?

• panic, fear, invasion mentality

326
What tool did the Convention use to mobilize
France for war? name two components of this tool.

• levee en masse conscription of all males, price
  ceilings, war production

327
Give two examples of occasions when the Bourgeois
revolutionaries benefited from the actions of the
poor.

• Versailles, Bastille, insurrection, expulsion of
  Girondin, rev. army

328
What revolutionary faction was more radical and
favored a republic?

• Jacobins (Mountain)

329
Why did the Convention try to dechristianize
France?

• religion would get in the way of the virtuous
  republic, second authority

330
What two places did the Dec. of Rights of Man and
Citizen get its ideas from?

• Dec. of Independence Enlightenment

331
What did the Paris Commune force the Legislative
Assembly to do?

• step down and give way to the National Convention
  (start of the 2nd Rev.)

332
What event led to the formation of the Paris
Commune?

• the Paris insurrection of August, 1792 (attack on
  Tuileries)

333
Identify two of Edmund Burkes criticisms of the
Revolution.

• revs have no govt experience, democracy sucks
  (popular govt cant work)

334
Describe the politics and religion of the
countryside in comparison with those of Paris.

• more conservative and traditional or devoutly RC

335
What was Robespierres overarching (ultimate)
goal?

• republic of virtue

336
Name two steps he was willing to take to achieve
this goal.

• dechristianize, suppression of rights, massive
  bloody guillotine death

337
What was the white terror?

• backlash against the red terrorists of
  Robespierres terror

338
How did Robespierre wind up turning the blade of
terror against himself?

• eliminated opposition without cultivating allies

339
Describe the govt set up by the Cons. of Year
III.

• Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.), Directory
  (exec.)

340
What did the Directory use to maintain its power?

• army over cons.

341
What did Babeuf claim in 1796?

• Rev. has not gone far enough

342
What group benefited the most in the end from
both revolutions?

• Bourgeoisie

343
Name three things women did as participants in
the revolution.

• Society of Women, spokespeople, Versailles,
  fought in army

344
Put these in order Nat. Assembly, Convention,
NCA, Legislative Assembly, Estates General

• Estates General, Nat. Assembly, NCA, Legislative
  Assembly, Convention

345
How did the goals of enlightened absolutists
differ from those of the traditional absolutists?

• They didnt - just used enlightenment ideas

346
Who was the ultimate enlightened absolutist?
Identify two of his reforms.

• Joseph II seized church lands, taxation for
  all, punishment for all, abolished serfdom,
  nobility out of bur.

347
Who tried to continue in Peters footsteps as the
westernizer of Russia? What made his/her
position so precarious?

• Catherine the Great, non-Russian, female, had to
  rely on nobility

348
Name two enlightened actions of Frederick the
Great.

• legal reform, reduce control over peasants,
  agricultural reforms, religious toleration

349
What was shocking about Joseph IIs religious
toleration?

• He was a Hapsburg (very RC)

350
What brings Enlightened Absolutism to a
screeching halt?

• the French Revolution