Chapter 10 Organisms and the Environment

1
Chapter 10Organisms and the Environment

• Objectives
• Explain life span
• Describe the process of living organisms
• Describe the structure of living organisms
• Explain heredity, genetics, and biodiversity

2
Terms
3
Life Span

• Life span is the period of life of an organism
• The natural life spans may range from only a few
  minutes or hours to hundreds of years
• The average life span of humans is about 75 years
• Most crop plants only live one growing season
• Trees are the oldest organisms on Earth (Sherman
  Sequoia in California being about 2,500 years old

4
Five Stages of Life

• Beginning
• Growing
• Maturing
• Declining
• Dying

5
(No Transcript)
6
The Essential Life Processes

• 1. Growth and repair
• 2. Food acquisition and use
• 3. Movement and locomotion
• 4. Circulation
• 5. Respiration
• 6. Secretion
• 7. Sensation
• 8. Excretion
• Reproduction is a nonessential life process
  but is needed to perpetuate a species

7
1. Growth and Repair

• Growth is when an organism increases in size
• Multi-cellular organisms add more cells
• Cell are formed by mitosis
• Mitosis is the sequential process by which cells
  divide
• Repair is replacing worn or damaged parts

8
(No Transcript)
9
2. Food Acquisition and Use

• All organisms must have food
• Metabolism is an important part of food use, it
  includes the energy food provides as well as the
  use of food substances in life processes
• The breakdown of food to produce energy and basic
  chemical components is called catabolism
• The cells and tissues use the chemical
  components and energy to produce new cell
  chemical or parts is anabolism

10
Plants

• As producer
• Make their food by photosynthesis
• Nutrients must be in the soil and available for
  absorption by the roots
• Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy
• The food that plants make is stored as sugar or
  starch

11
Animals

• As consumer, get food from producers by eating
  either plants, other animals, or combinations of
  plants and animals
• The process by which animals take in food is
  ingestion
• Digestion is changing food into forms to be
  absorbed by the cells
• Absorption occurs in the digestive system and the
  nutrients pass into the bloodstream
• After the food has been digested, the remains are
  expelled by elimination, the solid material is
  feces and the liquid is urine

12
Monogastric
13
Ruminants
14
3. Movement and Locomotion

• Organisms move in different ways and for
  different purposes
• Some movements are needed in using food and
  carrying out life processes
• One-celled organisms move in simple way and often
  depend on wind or water in the environment to
  move them
• Locomotion is moving from one place to another
• Animals move to get food, escape danger, and seek
  mates

15
The banded gecko has a sleek body with short legs
that can move rapidly for locomotion
16
4. Circulation

• Circulation is the movement of metabolic
  materials from one location to another in an
  organism

17
Circulatory Systems of Animal

• Circulatory systems consist of a heart and tubes
  (blood vessels) that contains a fluid known as
  blood
• Heart contractions force blood through blood
  vessels to all areas of the body
• The blood carries food nutrients and oxygen
  throughout the body and picks up carbon dioxide
  and wastes

18
Circulatory Systems of Plants

• Plants have vascular systems, which perform
  similar functions to the circulatory system in
  animals
• The vascular system of most plants consists of
  two main parts xylem tissue and phloem tissue
• Xylem conducts water and nutrients throughout a
  plant
• Phloem moves food from where it is manufactured
  to other parts of the plant

19
5. Respiration

• External respiration is the exchange of oxygen
  and carbon dioxide by an organism with its
  environment
• External respiration is also known as mechanical
  respiration

• Internal respiration occurs inside the organism
  and is the movement of gases across living
  tissues by diffusion
• Internal respiration is also known as biochemical
  respiration

20
Respiration in a grasshopper is through spiracles
and a tracheal system
21
6. Secretion

• Secretion is the process of releasing substances
  from a living cell or specialized group of cells
  known as glands
• Animal secretions often appear as watery
  substances, such as tears in the eyes or mucous
  in the nostrils
• Fish have mucous secretion that covers their
  bodies and give them a slippery feeling

22
7. Sensation

• Sensation is the detection of a stimulus by an
  organism
• The five senses are
• Vision
• Hearing
• Touch
• Taste
• Smell
• Animal flinch from pain and run at the sight of a
  predator
• Plants may turn their leaves toward sources of
  light or close their flower at night

23
Fish have several receptors including barbels,
nares, eyes, taste buds, skin, and the lateral
line, which contains pores that receive
vibration in the water, such as movement or sound
24
8. Excretion

• Excretion is the removal of wastes from a cell or
  organism
• The process is carried out by the kidneys in
  vertebrates
• Wastes from the kidneys are stored in the in the
  urinary bladder and eliminated through the
  urethra
• The intestines and skin are also important in
  excretion

25
Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process of forming new
  individuals of the same species
• Reproduction involves sex cells or living cells
  developing into organisms
• Asexual reproduction is reproduction without
  sexual union as sprout, fission etc.
• Most plants and animals reproduce by sexual means
• The male sex cell is the sperm and the female sex
  cell is the egg
• Cells divide by the process of meiosis

26
(No Transcript)
27
Structures of Living Organisms Unicellular and
Multicellular

• Unicellular organism have only one cell
• The monera and protista and some fungi, such as
  yeast, are unicellular
• Reproduction involves the cell dividing and
  creating new cells
• Each cell takes in food and disposed of waste
  through the membrane that encloses the cell
• Unicellular organisms are often decomposers

• Multicellular organisms are made of many cells
• Other fungi-like mushrooms-and plants and animals
  are multicellular

28
Multicellular Organism Structures

• They may specialize to perform specific functions
  for the organism
• Cell specialization (differentiation) is when
  cells change so they can perform specific
  functions for an organism
• Tissues are formed when cells specialize and
  group together to perform a specific activity for
  an organism
• Collection of tissue that work together to
  perform certain functions are organ
• Organ system is when two or more organs work
  together

29
Animal Structure

• All animals are alike in three important ways
• Animals are made of many cells
• Animals can move about
• Animal get their food from other sources by
  consuming plants, animal, or other materials

30
Skeletal System

• The skeletal system is the part of the body made
  of bones, cartilage, and other connecting
  materials
• Animal are either vertebrates or invertebrates
• About 3 percent of the earths animal are
  vertebrates
• Vertebrates are larger animals and often more
  important economically than the invertebrates

31
Vertebrates

• Vertebrates are animals with backbones to which
  various appendages (legs, arms, etc.) are
  attached
• Vertebrates include deer, bears, snakes etc.
• Bones are tissues made of calcium, phosphorus,
  protein, and other materials
• The center of bones contains marrow, nerve cells,
  blood vessels, and other materials
• Bone give shape the body, protect the organs from
  injury, and make movement possible

32
Invertebrates

• Invertebrates do not have backbones
• An invertebrates skeletal system serves as an
  outer covering for the organism of the body
• Giving the body shape and support
• Invertebrates include insects, shrimp, mussels,
  earthworms, and many other

33
Vital Organ System

• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Circulatory system
• Respiratory system
• Excretory system
• Digestive system
• Reproductive system
• Mammary system

34
Plant Structure

• Plant have vegetative and reproductive structures
• The vegetative structures work together so plants
  can carry out life processes
• Vegetative parts of a plant are roots, stems, and
  leaves

35
Plant Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction
• Pollen is the male sex cell formed in the stamen
  of a flower
• The pistil is the female part of the flower and
  is where egg cells (ovules) are located
• Asexual reproduction, such as tissue culture,
  budding, grafting etc.

36
Heredity

• Heredity is the genetic make-up of an organism
  that is passed from parent(s) to offspring
• With asexual reproduction, the offspring is
  identical to the parent because it had only
  parent
• With sexual reproduction, the heredity of
  offspring is a combination of both parents
• The heredity information is in the genes
• A mutation is when offspring vary from their
  parents

37
Genetics

• Genetics is the study of heredity among organisms
  in the environment
• Genes are segment of DNA and carry instructions
  to the developing offspring
• Phenotype is an organisms outward appearance, is
  from two source genotype and environment
• Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism

38
DNA, Gene, and Chromosome
39
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• Prime molecules of life, carries the hereditary
  information that determines the structure of
  proteins.
• The instructions that direct cells to grow and
  divide are encoded by it.
• The messages that bring about the differentiation
  of fertilized eggs in to the multitude of
  speciallized cells that are necessary for the
  successful functioning of higher plants and
  animals.
• DNA has provided the basis for the evolutionary
  process that has generated the many millions of
  different life-form that have occupied the earth
  since the first living organisms came 3-4
  millions years ago

40
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• DNA is double strand (complementary), linked by
  hydrogen bond
• Situated in nucleus of eukaryote and inner region
  of prokaryote
• DNA consist of nucleotide
• Phosphate group
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Bases
• Purines Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
• Pyrimidines Cytocine (C), Tymine (T)

41
(No Transcript)
42
Nucleotide (single unit of DNA)
43
Single strand DNA
44
Double strand DNA
45
DNA structure
46
Double helix
47
DNA and Protein synthesis

• DNA keep genetic information as genetic code
• Codon (triple code) such as ACG GCT TGG each
  codon will translate to be 1 specific amino acid,
  and many amino acids will combine to nucleic acid
  and protein.
• DNA gt (Transcription) gt mRNA gt (Translation) gt
  Protein (Replication)

48
(No Transcript)
49
Messenger RNA
50
DNA cloning
51
Clone

• A clone is a group of genetically identical
  cells or individuals derived from a common
  ancestor by asexual mitotic division (Allaby,
  1996).
• A clone is any group of cells or individuals that
  includes and isolates recovered independently
  from different sources, in different locations,
  and perhaps at different times, and such that the
  set of isolates have so many identical phenotypic
  and genetic traits for the identity is that of
  common origin (Orskov and Orskov, 1983)

52
Biodiversity

• The fact that offspring are different from their
  parents is called diversity
• Biodiversity is variation in the environment in
  three important ways genetics, species, and
  environment or ecosystem

53
Biodiversity
54
Tests

• What is life span?
• List and briefly explain the five stages of life.
  Select one life process and describe its role
• What are the life processes of organism? Select
  one life process and describe its role
• Explain how cell specialization is important in
  multicellular organisms
• What are three ways that all animals are alike?
• What is the different in vertebrates and
  invertebrates?
• What is the purpose of the skeletal system of
  animals?
• Which organ system varies on the basis of the
  animals sex? What are the major differences?
• Distinguish between phenotype and genotype. Which
  is influenced by the environment?
• What are the components of biodiversity? Explain
  each.