Pests

1
Pests Diseases

• By Johnny M. Jessup
• Agriculture Instructor/FFA Advisor

2
Insects - Anatomy

• Insects
• Small animals that have three body regions and
  three pairs or six legs.
• The three body regions are.
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen

3
Parts of the Insect
4
Life Cycle of Insects

• Complete metamorphosis
• Egg
• Larva
• Worm
• Caterpillar
• Pupa
• Adult
• Flies
• Beetles

5
Life Cycle of Insects

• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Egg
• Nymph
• Adult

6
Insects - Mouthparts

• Chewing
• Tear, chew or grind food.
• Parts of leaves eaten away.
• Example
• Grasshoppers
• Beetles.

7
Insects - Mouthparts

• Piercing-sucking
• Punctures plant sucks sap.
• Rasping-sucking
• Rasps or breaks surface and suck sap.
• Example Thrips

8
Insects - Mouthparts

• Siphoning
• Have a coiled tube they dip into liquid food such
  as nectar and draw it in.
• Sponging
• Have two sponge-like structures that collect
  liquid food and move it into the food canal.
• Example Housefly

9
Insect Damage

• Damage depends on type of mouthparts.

10
Chewing Insects

• Beetle
• Eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts.

11
Chewing Insects

• Cutworms
• Usually attack stems, but may eat other plant
  parts.

12
Chewing Insects

• Caterpillars
• Larva of moths and butterflies and are fuzzy or
  hairy.
• Eat young leaves and stems.
• Roll up in leaves making the leaves curl.

13
Chewing Insects

• Grasshoppers
• Eat all parts of plants.

14
Sucking Insects

• Aphids
• Pierce suck juices.
• Known as plant lice.
• Cause stunted growth and yellow spotted leaves.
• Causes sticky substance and black mold which
  attracts ants.

15
Sucking Insects

• Leaf Bugs
• Causes plants to look unhealthy.
• Lose their normal color and wilt.

16
Sucking Insects

• Mealybugs
• Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in
  leaf axils.
• Causes yellow appearance and sticky secretions.

17
Sucking Insects

• Scale
• Appear as black or brown raised bumps attached to
  stems and underside of leaves
• Causes yellow leaves and stunted growth.

18
Sucking Insects

• Thrips
• Chew then suck plant tissue causing it to
  become speckled or whitened, leaf tips to wither,
  curl up or die.

19
Sucking Insects

• Whiteflies
• Feed on underside of young leaves causing
  yellowing.
• They will look like flying little white specks
  when plants are shaken.

20
Mite Damage

• Mites
• Arent insects because they have 8 legs.
• Attack underside of leaves causing gray to
  grayish-green spots.
• Severe infestations cause webbing.

21
Controlling Insects
22
Controlling Insects

• Insects must be killed when they are.
• Actively feeding or moving on the plant.

23
Biological Control

• Using natural enemies such as.
• Birds
• Other insects.
• Etc.

24
Chemical Control

• Using pesticides or insecticides (chemicals).

25
Chemical Control

• Contact Poisons
• Affect the insects nervous system and must come
  into contact with insect to be effective.

26
Chemical Control

• Stomach Poisons
• Are sprayed on plant surfaces or are taken into
  the plant through absorption.
• Insect must eat or suck the poison to get it into
  the stomach for this method to be effective.

27
Chemical Control

• Systemic Poisons
• Absorbed by the plant and then ingested by the
  pest when it feeds.
• More effective than stomach poisons for
  controlling sucking insects.

28
Chemical Control

• Fumigants
• Poisonous gases released into an enclosed place
  so that insects breathe the gases.

29
Cultural Control

• Involves sanitation, removing insect breeding and
  hiding areas and using insect resistant plant
  varieties.

30
Mechanical Control

• Using physical controls such as.
• Insect traps.
• Using screens over fans
  other openings.
• Washing plants w/ soapy water.

31
Natural Methods

• Using natural barriers to control insects such
  as.
• Rivers
• Woods
• Mountains
• Predators

32
Quarantine

• Physically isolating insects from healthy plants.

33
Combining Methods

• Using a combination of control methods
  is called.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or.
• Integrated Control

34
Plant Diseases
35
What is a Disease???

• A plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen
  or agent.

36
Conditions Needed for a Disease

• Three conditions are necessary for a disease in a
  plant.
• Host plant
• Disease causing organism or pathogen must be
  present.
• Favorable environment for disease organism to
  develop.

37
The Disease Triangle
38
What Causes a Disease??

• The groups of pathogens are.
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Viruses
• Parasitic plants
• Mistletoe
• Dodder
• Lichens

39
Parasitic Plants
40
Controlling Diseases

• Warm temperatures and moist conditions in
  greenhouse plant production make most
  horticulture plant diseases worse because.
• Environmental conditions that support
  disease-causing pathogens.
• Preventing plant diseases is better than treating
  the diseases.
• Plant diseases must be identified before they can
  be treated.

41
Plant Diseases Blight

• Cause plants to quickly turn brown as if they had
  been burned.

42
Plant Diseases Canker

• Causes open wounds on woody plant stems.

43
Plant Diseases Damping Off

• A fungal disease that causes young plants and
  seedlings to rot off at the soil level.

44
Plant Diseases Galls

• Round swellings or growths on plants.

45
Plant Diseases Leaf Spots

• Rings of different shades of brown, green,
  or yellow that make spots on leaves.

46
Plant Diseases Mildew

• Grows on leaf surfaces (both upper lower) as
  white, gray or purple spots.

47
Plant Diseases Mosaic

• Caused by viruses that make the leaves have
  irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging
  from dark green to light green to yellow to white.

48
Plant Diseases Rot

• Causes plants to decay die.

49
Plant Diseases Rust

• Causes small spots on leaves that resemble
  yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the
  underneath side of leaves.

50
Plant Diseases Smut

• A black powdery disease that causes blisters that
  burst open releasing black spores.

51
Plant Diseases Wilts

• Disease that blocks the uptake of water in plants
  stems causing it to wilt.

52
Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School