The Age of Imperialism

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The Age of Imperialism

• Chapter 16

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Pressures for Expansion

• The desire for building an empire, the search for
  raw materials, and the need to civilize the
  rest of the world through religion were reasons
  for Imperialism.
• Imperialism is one countrys domination of the
  political, economic, and social life of another
  country

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Political Rivalries

• In the mid 1800s, European countries see
  themselves as actors on a world stage, all
  fighting for a starring role.
• If one major European power started a small
  colony, every power would follow suit
• As more and more colonies were established,
  boarders disputes led to conflict among European
  countries in Asia and Africa

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Desire for New Markets

• Industrial Revolution produces a greater need for
  raw materials
• Rubber, copper, and gold came from Africa
• Cotton came from India
• Tin from Southeast Asia
• Colonies provide a new market for finished
  products
• Tools, weapons, and clothing were sold back to
  the markets that provided the raw materials
• Extractive economics

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Seeking New Opportunities

• Colonies needed people loyal to the imperialist
  country
• Imperialist citizens left for the colonies in
  search for a better life
• Thousands of French citizens left for Algeria
• British citizens leave for Australia and New
  Zealand for gold in the 1850s

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Civilizing Mission

• Religious Humanitarians leave secure lives for
  distant colonies in order to spread western
  culture, technology, and religion to those lands
  not exposed to them
• Missionaries believed Africans needed to reject
  their religion and accept Christianity
• Based on Social Darwinism
• Rudyard Kiplings White Mans Burden

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Forms of Imperialism

• Colony
• An imperial power rules directly through colonial
  officials
• Protectorate
• Had own government, but policies were guided by
  foreign power
• Sphere of Influence
• Imperial power has exclusive investment or trade
  rights

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Division of Africa

• Africa was full of rich minerals and resources
  and lacked stable leadership
• Europe scrambles for Africa between 1880 and 1914
• King Leopold II of Belgium
• This magnificent African Cake

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North Africa

• Most of North Africa consists of the Largest
  Desert in the World, Sahara
• A Thin strip of land north of the Sahara on the
  Mediterranean coast possessed great resources and
  land
• This set off multiple European countries to
  Northern African territories
• Algiers, Egypt, Libya, Tripoli, Tunisia

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North Africa

• France to North Africa
• 1830, King Charles X ordered an invasion of
  Algiers in order to colonize
• Abd al-Qadir leads a stiff resistance of
  Algerians
• 10 years later and 100,000 French troops
  involved, France defeats Algiers
• Later seize neighbor countries Tunis in 1881 and
  Morocco in 1904
• 1 million French settle in North Africa during
  this time

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North Africa

• Britain and Egypt
• Muhammad Ali makes Egypt a power in the eastern
  Mediterranean
• Ali modernizes country with taxes and industry
  and irrigation projects
• 1875, Great Britain gains control of canal when
  Egypt sells in order to pay off debts
• This leads to a growth of British influence
• 1882, British forces put down Egyptian revolt,
  becomes protectorate

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North Africa

• Italy Seizes Libya (Tripoli)
• Libya had no economic value, but still wanted by
  Italy
• Italy was last country to enter the race, grabbed
  nearest nation, eager to start an empire
• Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire in 1911,
  which ruled Tripoli
• Italy wins easy, took Tripoli as a colony,
  renamed Libya
• Libya was the last North African country
  colonized

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West Africa
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West Africa

• 1500s through 1600s, European countries traded
  along the West Coast of Africa
• Slave trade along with salt, gold, iron
• 1800s, European nations declare the slave trade
  illegal
• West African states grow trade of natural
  products
• European move to take over West Africa and trade

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West Africa

• Challenges to moving inland
• Deadly terrain and diseases
• Growth of Steamships for river transportation
  make this easier
• By 1900, European powers, Great Britain and
  France controlled most of West Africa
• Liberia remained independent due to strong ties
  with the United States

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Central Africa

• Belgian king, Leopold II, claims the Congo region
  as his own private plantation
• Controls Congo for 20 years, stripping the region
  of rubber, elephant herds, enslaving people
• 1908, agrees to return the region for a large
  loan due to World pressure

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East Africa

• British, Germans, Italians claim East Africa
• Ethiopia is the only country to remain
  independent
• Ethiopian Emperor, Menelik II, crushed invading
  Italy in the battle of Adowa
• Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two African
  countries to escape Imeperialism

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Southern Africa

• 1652, Dutch settlers came to South Africa and
  established the Port of Cape Town
• Afrikaners (Boers) rule this area for 150 years
• British rule of the Cape Colony leads to growing
  tension between Boers and British
• Anglo-Boer War in 1899
• Conflict over gold in diamonds in Transvaal
• 3 years of war, British victory
• Resulted in the British unification of what was
  renamed Union of South Africa

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Union of South Africa

• British Constitution made it impossible for non
  whites to vote
• United Afrikaners and British
• Racial tensions in South Africa would be a major
  issue for years to come

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Effects of African Imperialsim

• Imperialist became very wealthy extracting
  natural resources in the territories
• Little money is given to the natives or back into
  the land
• Local culture is stripped

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The Division of Asia
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Asia

• The British in India
• British involvement in India dates back to the
  1500s
• 1600, East India Trading Company opens
• Sets up trading posts and forts all throughout
  India
• Britain expands their influence through wars and
  commercial activity

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Asia

• Britain and India
• The Sepoy Rebellion
• Indian soldiers rebel against British commanders
  for economic reasons and Christianity
• British men, women, and children killed
  throughout India
• Britain puts down rebellion, bitterness left on
  both sides
• 1858, East India Trading Company ends, Viceroy
  sent to rule India

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Asia

• China Faces the West
• 1890s, European Powers and Japan create Spheres
  of Influence in China
• Create Open Door Policy
• Opium War gives Britain Hong Kong
• Boxer Rebellion
• Put down with help of Foreign powers, increases
  foreign influence
• 1912, Qing Dynasty replaced with a Republic

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Asia

• Japan modernizes
• 1853, American Matthew Perry influences trade
  with Japan
• Japan signs treaties with Britain, France,
  Holland, Russia, and the USA (unequal treaties)
• Japan overthrows Shogun leaders, Samurai declare
  loyalty to new emperor, Mutsuhito
• Military strengthens
• Nation transforms into an industrial society
• Modern Japan takes Korea, Russo Japanese War

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Asia (Southeast)

• Islands of Southeast Asia had attracted
  foreigners for centuries
• 1800s, Dutch controlled East Indies
• Spain controlled the Philippines
• Philippines revolts against Spain in 1896,
  receive American support during Spanish/American
  War
• USA broke promise to free Philippines, became a
  colony

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Asia (Southeast)

• Great Britain and France control Mainland
  Southeast Asia
• Britain controlled Burma
• France claims Indochina
• Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

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Imperialism in the Americas

• The Monroe Doctrine
• 1823 warns Europe not to interfere in countries
  in the western hemisphere
• Spanish American War
• Fight over Cuba
• Maine explodes
• US gets Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines
• Teddy Roosevelt extends US power in Latin America
• Panama Canal

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Group Questions

• How did science, industry, and technology aid the
  growth of imperialism
• Contrast the ways in which the age of Imperialism
  contributed to the growth of unity in the world
  with the ways in which in contributed to disunity.