Bioevolution Ch' 13

1
Bioevolution Ch. 1-3

• Sandy Sakulterdkiat
• Shinobu Hagio
• Jessica Koch
• Tiffany Lindholm

2
Overview

• Ch. 1 - Tiffany Lindholm
• Overview of Biotechnology
• Ch. 2 Sandy Sakulterdkiat
• Vanquishing Vaccines
• Ch. 3
• -Intro, blood work, the new aspirin- Shinobu
• -Fighting bacteria, Miracle milk- Jessica
• -Britney Lays an egg- Tiffany

3
Ch. 1 Biotech overview

• Biotech medicine targeting diseases with no
  known treatments or preventatives
• Biotech will make vaccines that already exist
  more effective, safer, and easier to administer
• moving from treatment to cure.

4
Examples of diseases

• Diabetes
• Gene-spliced insulin vs. insulin extracted from
  animals
• People have been cured through biotech clinical
  trials
• Aging
• Therapies- drug and non-drug, biotech and
  non-biotech
• Biotech cheaper therapies
• Biotech keep medical costs down and eliminate the
  need for drugs

5
Biopharmaceuticals

• Drugs made from proteins and other organic
  substances
• Increased from 1 of US market in 1989 to 7 in
  1998
• About 1/3 of 1000 drugs now being tested in
  patient trials are biopharmaceuticals

6

• End of 2002 234 biotech drugs and uses for a
  drug had been approved in the US alone
• In 2002, 35 were approved
• among the 35 was a huge range of
  applications
• -advanced prostate cancer
• - torn rotator cuffs
• - vaccine to protect against diphtheria,
  tetanus, pertussis, hep B and polio
• Helped over 325 million patients

7
What is Biotechnology?

• Genes are at the bottom of it
• Genes are made up of DNA which tell cells to
  produce protein
• Genes are responsible for directing the
  biological development and activity of the human
  bodys cells.
• Genes instruct cells to produce proteins that
  determine eye color, hair color and type, size of
  your nose, etc.

8

• Predestined vs. predisposed
• Nose shape predestined
• age you get Alzheimer's predisposition
  combined with outside factors

9
Gene Splicing

• Taking a gene(s) from one thing and putting then
  into another
• Combining a gene from old to new is called
  recombinant (rDNA)
• Used in reference to medical applications
• Transferring genes is called transgenics
• Used more to describe gene-spliced crops and
  livestock, and other non-pharmaceutical
  applications

10
Overall Picture

• Biotechnology is about observing and manipulating
  the expression of genes
• Its possible to remove a gene from one organism
  and put it into a different one and find it still
  expresses the same trait
• Researchers took a gene from a firefly and put it
  on a chromosome in a mouse tumor, making it light
  up so they can determine its size as medicines
  are tested against it.

11
Chapter 2Vanquishing Vaccines
12
Vaccines

• One of the oldest yet most effective technologies
• 1700s, Edward Jenner (1749-1823) inoculated test
  subjects with bits of cowpox puss.
• Cowpox vaccinia

13
What are vaccines?

• Vaccines are either weakened form of virus or
  killed virus
• The virus has proteins called antigens on the
  surface which the host immune system will
  identify as foreign and destroy it.

14
What are vaccines? (cont)

• The host immune system produces antibodies to
  fight the weakened or killed virus.
• So when host is later exposed to same virus the
  body is ready to fight the virus because it
  already has the antibody live to fight another
  day!!!

15
Vaccines and Biotechnology

• Vaccines and biotechnology go hand-in-hand
• Vaccine improvements that can be made with
  Biotechnology
• Safety
• Unable to induce disease itself
• Combination immunization
• Fewer injections
• Combine many strains of virus into one vaccine
• Protect against flu virus and HIV better because
  they mutate rapidly
• Higher protection rate

16
Biotech vaccines in the 20th Century

• 1986 Merck Company introduced Recombivax HB
  hepatitis B vaccine made from recombinant yeast

17
Biotech vaccines in the 21st Century

• Researchers working on vaccines for
• Influenza
• AIDS
• Cholera
• Diarrheal diseases
• 2001
• hepatitis A and B
• Lyme disease
• Staph germs
• Anthrax
• Ebola virus

18
Biotech vaccines in the 21st Century

• Future
• Hepatitis C
• Bubonic plague
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Recombinant genital herpes vaccine from
  GlaxoSmithKline
• Vaccine for allergies
• Recombinant DNA vaccine for malaria looks
  promising
• Antifungal vaccine

19
Vaccines for Cancer

• Cancer is object of over half the biotech
  vaccines being developed.
• These vaccines target
• Leukemia
• Breast cancer
• Cancer of ovaries
• Cancer of pancreas
• Cancer of lymph glands
• Brain cancer
• Colon cancer
• Other malignancy
• Therapeutic vaccines to treat existing tumor
• GVAX (from Cell Genysys) vaccine targets multiple
  antigens on tumor
• Prophylactic or treatment vaccines to prevent
  cancer from returning
• Autologous vaccines use patients own tumor

20
Emerging Diseases

• Biotech vaccines also offer the best protection
  against newly discovered diseases or old diseases
  that are making a comeback.
• AIDS
• West Nile
• Japanese encephalitis
• Dengue fever

21
What the future may hold

• Root canals may be form of medieval torture in
  the modern era.
• Vaccine for root canal that can be brushed or
  squirt onto teeth gene altered microbes will
  attack other forms of bacteria that cause tooth
  decay.
• Needles going the way of the slide rule
• FluMist instead of flu shots vaccine sprayed
  right into nostrils
• Vaccine (DNA and water) put into Band-Aid, spray
  or even shampoo absorbed through skin/ hair
  follicles which stimulates immune response as
  strong as traditional needle injection

22
Chapter 3Miniature Pharmaceutical Factories and
Medicinal Milk
23
Introduction

• Gene Splicing
• Method used for mass-production of the gene of
  interest
• Often use bacteria as a host
• Examples pharmaceutical applications
• Mushroom
• Leech saliva
• Tenecteplase by Genentech
• Cerezyme by Genzyme
• Human Growth Hormone
• Insulin
• Rebif by Serono International

24
Blood Work

• Human Serum Albumin (HSA)
• Maintains fluid balance in the blood
• Regulate amino acid, fatty acid and hormone
  transport
• Given in blood transfusion for
• Shock
• Serious burns
• Other emergency surgeries

25
Why is the HSA research important?

• Problems in the blood supply today
• Existence of so-called at-risk group
• Shortage of certain blood types

26
Development of artificial blood

• In early 2001, lab created red-blood cells were
  tested in rats and were ready for humans
• This artificial red-blood cells were combined
  with transgenic HSA grown in E.coli
• Characteristics of the artificial blood
• Change of shades
• Type-free
• Can never be contaminated

27
Development of artificial blood

• Other host for developing HSA
• Tobacco plants by Crop Tech Corporation of
  Blacksburg, VA
• Tobacco contains high percentage of protein
• Availability of funding to help tobacco farmers
  to use their crops for something other than
  smoking and chewing

28
Treatment for Psoriasis

• Psoriasis
• Non-contagious, life-long skin disease
• Most common form is plaque psoriasis
• Raised red patches
• Lesions covered with a silvery white buildup of
  dead skin cells (scale)
• 10-30 of patients with psoriasis also develop
  psoriatic arthritis
• Painful joint-swelling form of the disease
• National Psoriasis Foundation
  ltwww.psoriasis.orggt

29
Psoriasis (contd)

• FDA Consumer Magazine
• lthttp//www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/504_psorias
  is.htmlgt

30
Drugs approved for psoriasis treatment

• Amevive from Biogen
• Made in Chinese hamster ovarian cell lines
• Effective against other forms of psoriasis
• Effective against other autoimmune disease
• Sustained effect for very long period of time
• clear or almost clear results on 16 out of 21
  psoriasis patients when combined with ultraviolet
  light

31
The New Aspirin

• Enbrel by Amgen
• Originally approved for rheumatoid arthritis,
  followed by psoriatic arthritis
• Made from hamster cell lines
• A cytokine inhibitor
• miracle drug
• Treats spectrum of maladies that seem to have
  little in common

32
Why called the new aspirin?

• Enbrel
• Amgen seeking FDA approval for
• Psoriasis in general
• Almost two dozen other diseases, from Alzheimers
  to cancer
• Aspirin
• Once a headache remedy
• Now recommended for
• Arthritis symptoms
• Reducing the risk of heart attack
• Reducing the risk of stroke
• Cancer preventative

33
How does Enbrel Work?

• Enbrel is a cytokine inhibitor
• Cytokine
• A receptor in the outer membrane of cells
• Tells the relevant genes to switch on/off
• Encourage inflammation as part of bodys
  defensive system
• Belongs to a category of white blood cells
  including
• Macrophages and lymphocytes
• Interferons and interleukins
• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ripe target for
  Enbrel because high levels of TNF are found in
  the skin of psoriasis patients

34
How does Enbrel work? (contd)

• Enbrel contains cloned TNF receptors
• These receptors bind to free TNF molecules when
  injected into the body
• Prevent TNF from docking with cell receptors and
  causing damage
• Future use of Enbrel
• Possible treatment in
• Leukemia
• Lung and ovarian tumors

35
Other recombinant drugs

• Kineret by Amgen
• Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
• Blocks a protein interleukin-I
• Not as effective, but offer relief to certain
  patients
• Humira by Abbott Laboratories
• Easier to take than Enbrel
• Self-injected every other week

36
Other recombinant drugs (contd)

• Albuferon-alpha by Humane Genome Sciences (HGS)
• Experimental recombinant hepatitis C virus
  treatment
• B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS)
• Natural human protein
• High in the blood of rheumatoid arthritis and
  lupus patients
• Development of artificial antibodies
• Neutralizing the amount of BLyS in the blood

37
Other recombinant drugs (contd)

• B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) (contd)
• More BLyS in the system will help treating forms
  of immune deficiency that causes
• Multiple bouts of pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Sinusitis
• In collaboration with Dow Chemical Company, drug
  to increase the BLyS level in order to
• Attack cancers (leukemia, multiple myeloma and
  non-Hodgkins lymphoma)

38
Fighting Bacteria

• Antibiotics are one of the best known treatments
  for killing bacteria.

39
Antibiotics

• One well known antibiotics is erythromycin, it
  has a range that will protect similar to or
  larger than penicillin.
• Often used for those allergic to penicillin.
• Contains the ingredient polyketide, which are
  derived from bacteria, plants, animals, and
  fungi.
• Polyketides are secondary metabolites.
• Acquiring polyketides was once a difficult
  process, now is very easy to make larger
  quantities with the biotech we have now.

40
Antibiotic Resistance

• Over the years, some people have gained a
  resistance to certain types of antibiotics.
• Bacteria has learned to grow new strains, thus
  causing some antibiotics to be ineffective
  against killing them.
• We have the technology to out smart bacteria,
  with computers and new antibiotics.

41

• New bacteria strains means we need new
  antibiotics to aid against fighting them.
• Why does a strain of bacteria develop resistance?
• One reason is that bacteria has found ways to
  reproduce new strains.

42
Killing Resistant Bacteria

• One effective measure against bacteria is using
  bacteriophages.
• They cause the cell to reproduce over and over
  until it ultimately cause the cell to burst or
  commit suicide.
• A beta virus is another example that can help
  kill off bacteria, although they are not used in
  animals or humans.

43
Phages cont.

• An example of a well known use of bacteriophages
  was the Anthrax scare after 9/11.
• Cipro was well known for a drug against Anthrax.
• Another phage is PlyG lysine, which can actually
  kill more than many antibiotics.

44
Phages cont.

• Phages can also be used for detection of anthrax.

45
Bacteriophages cont.

• Another example of a bacteriophage drug is
  Xigris, by the Eli Lilly company.
• Can help in cases of sepsis.
• Sepsis is an infection in the blood stream by
  bacteria.

46
Miracle Milk

• Dolly the sheep was a cloned mammal that was to
  have milk that carried the human gene for factor
  1X.
• Another sheep was cloned whose milk will have
  AAT-a human blood protein
• PPL Therapeutics sheep milk used to produce
  bile-salt stimulated lipase (BSSL).
• Can treat conditions in which the pancreas does
  not produce enough fat-digesting enzymes, such as
  cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis.
• This is often an injectable drug only.

47
Milk continued

• The use of cows milk may help aid in multiple
  sclerosis.
• Another company is using a cow farm to produce
  lactoferrin.
• May be a helpful antibiotic and probiotic.
• Genzyme was the first to try human trials with
  goat milk.

48
Other uses of animal milk

• The company Nexia is using mass quantities of
  goat milk to extract silk protein.
• Silk protein is very strong and is proving itself
  in healing of wounds, tissue repair and
  artificial tendons to name a few.

49

• This fiber or BioSteel as Nexia calls it can
  aid in the use of bullet proof vests for soldiers
  to wear.
• It is supposed to be three times stronger.
• More milk is produced from cows, but goats and
  sheep reproduce faster.

50
Britney Lays an egg

• Egg fast, efficient and cheap to use for
  protein production
• Rumor- a chick (named after Britney Spears)
  intended to produce human antibodies in its egg
  whites
• Truth- Viragen was to use egg proteins to make a
  cancer vaccine

51

• Fact
• 1 chicken lays 250 eggs/year which produces
  100mg of drugs in each egg
• 1 hen lays 1 egg/ day or two
• 1 rooster 2000 eggs/ month
• Cost 100/ gram of product

52
Avigenics

• Goal
• Produce biopharmaceuticals, blood factors,
  monoclonal antibodies, and enzymes to help
  animals digest and process their food

53
Geneworks

• Current news
• Use the eggs of transgenic chicken to produce
  14 proteins for 6 drug companies around the world

54
TransxenoGen

• Current news
• They have roosters that produce transgenic
  offspring
• Goal
• 1st product will probably be insulin
• Produce monoclonal antibodies
• Later, turn chicken farms into factories for
  drugs treating Alzheimer's, Parkinsons and
  Huntingtons disease

55
Last Note

• The technology is well ahead of the debate. Many
  ethical issues are on the rise!