Zoology, BIOL 1413

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Zoology, BIOL 1413

• Saturday, September 4, 2004
• Chapter 3
• Animal Architecture

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Vocabulary

• Metazoa multicellular animals
• Cellular grade of organization cells
  demonstrate division of labor but are not
  strongly associated to perform a specific
  collective function
• Tissue grade of organization similar cells are
  grouped together and perform their common
  functions as highly coordinated unit.

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• Organs when tissues are assembled into larger
  units that perform a specific function heart,
  etc.
• Parenchyma chief functional cells of an organ
• Stroma supportive tissues of an organ
• Organ systems highest level of complexity in
  which different organs operate together.

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Eleven different organ systems observed in
matazoans

• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Integumentary - A natural outer covering or coat,
  such as the skin of an animal or the membrane
  enclosing an organ
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• Excretory
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Immune
• reproductive

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• Most complex grades of metazoan organization
  permit or promote larger body size.
• Larger size buffers an animal against
  environmental fluctuations, providing greater
  protection against predation and enhances
  offensive tactics, permits more efficient use of
  metabolic energy.
• A large mammal uses more oxygen but the cost of
  maintaining its body temp is less per gram of
  weight.

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• Metazoan animals contain two important
  noncellular components
• Body fluids
• Extracellular structural elements

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Eumetazoans

• Eu (greek for good or true)
• In all eumetazoans, body fluids are subdivided
  into two compartments
• Intracellular space
• Extracellular space

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• In animals with closed vascular systems
  extracellular fluids are subdivided further into
  blood plasma (fluid portion of the blood outside
  the cells)
• Interstitial fluid tissue fluid which occupies
  the space surrounding cells.

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Extracellular structural elements

• Supportive material of the organism including
• Loose connective tissue
• Cartilage
• Bones
• Cuticle
• These elements provide mechanical stability and
  protection

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Types of Tissues!

• Tissue is a group of similar cells specialized
  for performance of a common function.
• Study of tissues is histology
• Tissues differentiate during embryonic
  development into four types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous

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Epithelial Tissue

• An epithelium is a sheet of cells that covers an
  external or internal service
• Outside the body, the epithelium forms a
  protective covering.
• Inside, it lines all organs of the body cavity,
  as well as ducts and passageways through which
  various materials and secretins move.
• On many surfaces, epithelial cells are often
  modified into glands that produce mucus, hormones
  or enzymes

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• Epithelia are classified by cell form and number
  of cell layers.
• Simple epithelia are mostly restricted to
  vertebrates
• All epithelia are supported by underlying
  membrane which is compilation of the ground
  substance of connective tissue
• Blood vessels never enter epithelial tissues so
  they are dependent on diffusion of oxygen and
  nutrients from underlying tissues

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Connective Tissue

• Very diverse group of tissues
• Made up of
• Cells
• Fibers
• Ground substance or Matrix (a fluid)
• Fibers are embedded int tohe matrix

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Several types of connective tissue

• Two types found in invertebrates
• Loose connective tissue composed of fibers and
  both fixed and wandering cells suspended in
  syrupy ground substance
• Dense Connective tissue such as tendons and
  ligaments, composed of densely packed fibers
• Much of the fibrous tissue of connective tissues
  is composed of collegen
• Collegen is a protein material of great tensile
  strength
• It is also the most abundant protein in the
  animal kingdom dound wherever both flexibility
  and resistance to stretching are required

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• Connective tissue of invertebrates consists of
  cells, fibers and ground substance but is usually
  not as elaborately developed.

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Other types of connective tissue

• Blood
• Lymph
• Tissue fluid
• These are collectively considered vascular tissue
• Composed of distinct cells in watery ground
  substance called plasma.
• These vascular tissues lack fibers under normal
  conditions

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Cartilage

• Semirigit form of connective tissue with closely
  packed fibers embedded in gel-like ground
  substance.

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Bone

• Calcified connective tissue containing calcium
  salts organized around collagen fibers.

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Muscular tissue

• Muscle is most common tissue of most animals.
• Originated from mesoderm
• Its unit is the cell or muscle fiber specialized
  for contraction.
• Either striated or smooth (visceral)
• Two types of striated in vertebrates
• Skeletal muscles
• Cardiac muscles

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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue is specialized for the reception
  of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one
  region to another.
• Two basic types of cells in nervous tissue are
• Neurons basic functional unit of the nervous
  system
• Neuroglia cells that insulate neuron membranes
  and serve various supportive functions

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Groups for discussion of symmetry
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