DNA Technology and Genomics

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DNA Technology and Genomics
Technologies require tools. Following our
learning the structure and function of DNA, the
tools to analyze and manipulate genes have been
developed. These tools have revolutionized
biology and medicine and have created a mammoth
industrial application rich with promise and
potential threat. These tools will change your
life and the lives of your children.
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Viruses can insert their DNA in their hosts DNA
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Bacteria have sex!
Osborn Memorial Hall, Yale University
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Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
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How to clone a gene
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How to clone a gene
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How to clone a gene big picture
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How to cut and paste a gene

• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific
  recognition sequences
• Sticky ends are formed
• DNA ligase pastes the DNA fragments together
• The result is recombinant DNA

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How to clone a gene the details
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How to clone a gene the details
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How to clone a gene the details
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How to create a genomic library
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How to make DNA genes from RNA
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How to find a gene of interest
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How to test for gene expression
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How to separate DNA fragments by size
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How to detect difference in DNA sequences
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How to detect difference in DNA sequences
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How to detect difference in DNA sequences
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How to repair a genetic defect
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How to make a lot of DNA from a little
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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1 mm
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The Human Genome
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The Human Genome

• 3 of the DNA codes for 25,000 proteins
• 97 of the DNA does NOT code for proteins
• Promoters and enhancers
• Introns
• Repetitive DNA at centromeres and telomeres
• Repetitive transposons (jumping genes)

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Telomeric DNA
Repeated unit
End ofDNAmolecule
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF A HUMAN TELOMERE
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The Human Genome
In some ways it may resemble your garage/
bedroom/refrigerator/life highly
individualistic, but unkempt little evidence of
organization much accumulated clutter (referred
to by the unitiated as junk) virtually nothing
is ever discarded and the few patently valuable
items indiscriminately, apparently carelessly,
scattered throughout.
Bruce Alberts, 2002
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How to make a transgenic plant
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• Golden rice has been genetically modified to
  contain beta-carotene. This rice could help
  prevent vitamin A deficiency

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How to make a transgenic animal
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• These sheep carry a gene for a human blood
  protein that is a potential treatment for cystic
  fibrosis. The protein can be isolated from their
  milk.