Development of Limnology

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Development of Limnology
Early Days focus on description of physical,
chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between
WWI and WWII Post WWII
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First textbook on limnology in 1901 by A. Forel,
30 yr of research on Lac Léman Lakes as
integrated units
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Stephan Forbes --1872, was named director of the
new State Laboratory of Natural History in 1877
--Illinois Natural History Survey --Lake as a
Microcosm Discussion and exercise to follow
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In 1865 by the head of the Vatican Navy,
Commander A. Cialdi, found reference to use of a
dish to measure transparency Engaged professor
P.A. Secchi to conduct observations aboard the
Papal Steam Sloop L Immacolata Concezione
(Immaculate Conception). Secchi spentlt month at
sea and found that depth of visibility depended,
among many other variables, on the size of the
disk (bigger is better) and its color. Red
portion of the light spectrum is rapidly absorbed
in water while greens and blues persist much
deeper, so something contrasting with these hues
remains visible. Secchis detailed observations
were included in Cialdis published account of
the work sul Moto Ondosso del Mare e su correnti
de osso specialmente auquelle littorali in 1866,
and Secchis unusual name will forever be
associated with this durable oceanographic tool.
http//www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article860
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AE Birge (1851-1950) U. Wisconsin --Importance
of small algae --University Dean
administrator --Did much limnological work after
retirement, collecting at Trout Lake at
85yrs --Worked with Juday on Lake Mendota
Robert Pennak, who completed his graduate work at
Wisconsin and now is emeritus professor at the
University of Colorado, relates a story of how
Birge admonished him, after a Model A car they
were using had been turned on its side by
slippery road conditions, " dammit Pennak, put
it back on its wheels, the survey must go on!"
(Beckel, 1987).
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C. Wesenberg-Lund Founding scientist of
Biological Station Lunz (Austria) Institute for
Limnology. Founded 1904 and recently closed
http//www.bsl.oeaw.ac.at/english/e_institute.htm
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Sven Ekman and dredge 1911
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Development of Limnology
Early Days focus on description of physical,
chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between
WWI and WWII Quantification of material and
energy flux and rates of production Europe -
lake classification North America
classification system aggregates Japan Post
WWII
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August Friedrich Thienemann (1882 - 1960) trained
at Innsbruck, Heidelberg, and Greifswald 1917
appointed director of the Hydrobiological Anstalt
at Plön, directed the Max-Planck-Institut für
Limnologie in Plön for 40 years.
Nutrient cycling and foodweb structure Using
chironomids as indicators to characterize systems
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Einar Christian Leonard Naumann (1891 -
1934) Trained at University of Lund, Sweden
Coined use of terms Oligotrophic Mesotrophic
Eutrophic
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Edward Birge and Chancey Juday Founders of
academic limnology
Multidisciplinary collaborations Instrument
development Studied range of lake types
sizes Autotrophic vs Allotrophic lakes
Recognized gradients of many factors Quantatiave
but lacked hypothesis testing or tests of
statistical significance Founders of Wisconsin
dynasty in NA limnology
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R. A. Fisher
--1890 Born in London. . --1919 Started work
as a statistician at Rothamsted Experimental
Station.
1933 Chair of Eugenics at University College,
London. . 1962 Died Adelaide, South Australia.
http//www.csse.monash.edu.au/lloyd/tildeImages/P
eople/Fisher.RA/
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G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), an English
born, South African raised American Zoologist
(Yale U.)
Opposite approach to Birge and Juday,
mathematical modeling
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Phylogeny and Biogeography of Hutchinsonia G. E.
Hutchinson's Influence Through His Doctoral
Students Alan J. Kohn Limnology and
Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2, G. Evelyn
Hutchinson Celebratory Issue. (Mar., 1971), pp.
173-176.
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Culver
Bridgeman
Kling
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Raymond L. Lindeman (1915 1942) --published
just six articles, described shortly after his
death by G. E. Hutchinson as "one of the most
creative and generous minds yet to devote itself
to ecological science," last paper, "The
Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology,"published
posthumously foundational papers in ecology,
general analysis of ecological succession in
terms of energy flow through the ecosystem
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Contrast between European and Wisconsin
approaches of classifying lakes and searching for
pattern among systems vs. Hutchinson-Lindeman
approach of attempting to explain function
through appreciation of aggregated components
(trophic levels)
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Development of Limnology
Early Days focus on description of physical,
chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between
WWI and WWII Quantification of material and
energy flux and rates of production Europe -
lake classification North America
classification system aggregates Japan Post
WWII Ecosystem perspective
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H. T. Odum (1924 2002), Founded The Center
for Wetlands at the University of Florida, 1973
A founder of ecosystem science
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David Schindler
Founder and original director of Experimental
Lakes Area
ELA Research 1968 and 1975- Eutrophication
(pollution by excess nutrients), whole ecosystem
studies. 1976 and 1992- lake acidification and
the impacts of acid rain, From 1993 through
2003, impacts of reservoir creation and
associated flooding
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Many researchers looking at larger spatial and
temporal scales Whole lake manipulations Long
time series
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U. Wisconsin
J. Magnuson
A. Hasler (1976)
J. Kitchell
S. Carpenter
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Trout Lake area LTER
Mendota data support occurrence of global warming
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and now for something completely different
Diversity in Aquatic Ecologists
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Mary Power control of primary production and
river food webs
--John and Margaret Gompertz Chair in Integrative
Biology, 2002-2007, Berkley --G. Evelyn
Hutchinson Medal, American Society of Limnology
and Oceanography, summer 2005 --President Elect,
American Society of Naturalists, 2005
http//www.amnat.org/
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Bobbi Peckarsky mechanisms, consequences and
evolution of predator-prey, consumer-resource,
and competitive interactions
Professor Emeritus, Cornell UniversityHonorary
Fellow, University of Wisconsin,
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Carla E. Cáceres   Associate Professor,
University of Illinois
--2003-2008  Presidential Early Career Award for
Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) --1999. R. L.
Lindeman Award for the outstanding paper written
by a young aquatic scientist, American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography.
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Hank Bart Associate Professor Director, Tulane
University Museum of Natural History diversity
of North American fishes systematics, taxonomy,
community ecology and life history
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Scales and pattern Time
negative correlation at short scale zoop eat
phytoplankton? Positive correlation at longer
scale zoop recycle nutrients?
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Scales and pattern Space
Different factors important at different spatial
scales
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Discussion of Lake a Microcosm
What are entomostraca?Forbes found entomostraca
in large lakes to be inferior in numbers, in
size and robustness, and in reproductive
power He concluded this was doubtless due to
the relative scarcity of food On what evidence
did he base this conclusion? Propose and
alternative hypothesis. How you test it?