Health Aspects of Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water

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Sustainable Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Takashi Asano SlawomirW. Hermanowicz Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Davis and Berkeley
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Photo Credits

• California Department of Water Resources
• Water Education Foundation
• Du Pont Permasep Products

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Presentation Outline

• State of California as an Example
• Population growth and urbanization
• Sustainability and Water
• The role of water reuse with examples
• Technological Development
• How safe is water reuse

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Increasing Water Demand in California (Water Plan
Update 160-98)
1995
2020
Urban 11
Environmental 46
Environmental 46
Agricultural 43
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Sustainability and Water

• Meet supply and demand

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Sustainability and Water

• We are here consecrating this water supply and
  dedicating the Aqueduct to you and your children
  and your childrens children for all time.

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1995, by Ray Sterner, Johns Hopkins University
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200 commercial crops, ¼ of the nations table
foods, and ½ of fruits and vegetables
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Recovering Sustainable Water from Wastewater
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The Role of Water Reuse - 1

• Very often society no longer has the luxury of
  using water only once
• For water supplies to be sustainable, the rate at
  which water is withdrawn needs to be in balance
  with the rate of renewal or replenishment
• Water recycling and reuse as an alternative water
  resource
• Drought and dependable water supply

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The Role of Water Reuse - 2

• Seven categories of water reuse - examples
• Treatment technologies and process reliability
• How safe is water reuse?
• Future perspectives - all living species in
  harmony

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Quality Change in Use of Water
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Categories of Reuse

• 1. Agricultural Irrigation
• 2. Landscape Irrigation
• 3. Industrial Reuse
• 4. Groundwater Recharge
• 5. Recreational and Environmental
• 6. Nonpotable Urban Reuses
• 7. Potable Reuse

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Reclaimed Water Use in California
Source May 2000, Office of Water Recycling,
California State Water Resources Control
Board
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Wastewater Reuse
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Regional Water Supply Sources Comparison San
Diego, CA
2020
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Orange County Water Factory 21
Granular Activated Carbon
Chlorine Disinfection
Deep Well Injection
Lime Clarification
Recarbon-ation
Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Aquifer Recharge
1976 - 2004 (28 years of operation) 21 million
M3/ yr (15 mgd) No more than 5 of the reclaimed
water actually comprises the domestic supply No
observed water quality degradation that
constitutes a public health concern
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Benefit of Water Reuse

• Important element of integrated water resources
  management
• Treated effluent is used as a water resource for
  beneficial purposes
• The wastewater is kept out of streams, lakes, and
  beaches thus reducing pollution of surface water
  and groundwater

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How safe is water reuse?

• ? Acceptable health risks debate
• Absolute risk vs. relative risk
• ? Microbiological risk assessment
• Enteric virus control by treatment technologies
• Regulatory oversight
• ? Chemical risk assessment

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Various assay methods for trace organic compounds
and their relative significance to human health
risk
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Technical Solutions
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Conventional Advanced Wastewater Treatment
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Immersed membrane activated sludge and RO
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Adapted from Du Pont PERMASEP Permeators
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