Water Use and Groundwater

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Water Use and Groundwater
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Supply is Dwindling, Demand is increasing

• population growth
• industrial development
• expansion of irrigated agriculture.

Industry uses 20-25 percent of available
freshwater
Irrigation for crops uses 65- 70 percent of fresh
supplies
Domestic use accounts for about ten percent of
water use
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Finite Resources
Shallow sand, gravel, rock
North China Plain
Groundwater levels dropping in many developing
countries
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United States
Abundant ground and surface water resources
Groundwater 21
Surface water 79
1 use of groundwater is for irrigation 1 use of
surface water is for power generation
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U.S.
Ogallala
Power
Thermoelectric power began dominating withdrawals
in 1965 Overall withdrawals peaked in the
1980s 1 consumptive use is irrigation
Aquifer levels declining
Western population centers increasing
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Water Mining
China
India
Iran
Israel
Jordan
Mexico
Morocco
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
United States
Yemen
Over-exploitation of renewable and non-renewable
aquifers

• Withdrawals exceed recharge
• creating deficits in the aquifer

• Lack of contemporary recharge

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The Middle East
Lack of Contemporary Recharge
  GROUNDWATER . (Mm3/yr)  
COUNTRY Total use Non-renewable
Saudi Arabia 21,000 84
Libya 4,280 70
Yemen 2,200 32
Jordan 486 31
Egypt 4,850 18
Saudi Arabia and Libya, use 77 of the estimated
total world extraction of non-renewable
groundwater for urban supply and irrigated
agriculture.
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United States
1/3 of irrigation water comes from groundwater
3 of the largest aquifers are in arid/semi-arid
regions
Ogallala Aquifer Midwest Central Valley
Aquifer California Southwest Aquifer
System Arizona, Utah, Nevada
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High Plains Aquifer (Ogallala)
¼ gone in areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas
Water table declines up to 100 feet in some areas
Central Valley Aquifer (California)
Pumping 15 more water than is replaced
Water storage capacity has declined by 50
Southwest Aquifer (Utah, Nevada, Arizona)
Pumping 50 more water than is replaced
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Growing 2 acres/hr
Phoenix Arizona
Among the highest water users
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Tucson
Tripled in population over the last 40 years
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Central Arizona Project
Canal 335 miles long
44 billion gallons/yr
7 lost to evaporation
Ends about 15 miles south of Tucson
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Florida
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1700 rivers and streams (Feet to miles
wide) One of the most productive Aquifer systems
in the world
7 Bgal/d Water Withdrawn
4,242 million gal/day groundwater
2,626 million gal/day surface water
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The Past
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The Past
Too much water
35,000 people in 1830
The Everglades
8 million acres gt100 miles wide ¼ mile per day
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South Florida and the Everglades
First Survey
1835
"The first and most abiding impression is the
utter worthlessness to civilized man, in
its present condition, of the entire region."
Buckingham Smith
In 1850, the Swamplands Act Passed
Transferred 20 million acres from federal to
state control
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1881
11 miles (17.7 km) of canal south of Lake
Okeechobee towards Miami.
Hamilton Disston
50,000 acres drained
By 1920 4 major canals constructed
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Historic Flow
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Current Flow
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The Present
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The Present
16 million people withdrawing 7 billion
gallons/day
Almost 30 M by 2030
1 user Palm Beach Co. 1 groundwater use is
Miami-Dade County
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Population Changes
Population doubled between 1950 and 1970
first mosquito control district 1922 DDT
introduced 1949 Bureau of entomology 1953
A/C 1950s
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Heavy Reliance on Groundwater
U.S.
62 is from groundwater
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Florida
43 Public Supply 39 Agriculture 8.5
Industrial/Commercial 4.5 Recreation
Irrigation 4.0 Domestic Self-supply
62 Agriculture 20 Power 8 Public Supply 6
Recreation Irrigation 4 Industrial/Commercial
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Recent Trends
Averaged
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Florida
11 in agricultural water user in the U.S. 1
in agricultural water user in the East Greatest
freshwater withdrawal Palm Beach County Greatest
groundwater withdrawal Miami-Dade ½ of all
agricultural water withdrawal Palm
Beach Hendry St. Lucie Indian River
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The Future
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The Future
Desalinization
Tampas Reverse Osmosis plant
Reservoirs
South Florida Water Management District to buy
180,000 acres from U.S. Sugar Corp
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Reclaimed Water
A high quality non-potable water supply that is
not meant for potable drinking purposes
The University of Florida currently irrigates
approximately 90 of the irrigated areas on
campus using reclaimed water from the Water
reclamation Facility located on North/South
Drive.
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Reclaimed Water
St. Petersburg Dual Distribution System Highly
treated reclaimed water is made available in a
separate piping system for landscape irrigation,
including the irrigation of more than 9,992
residential lawns, 61 schools, 111 parks, and 6
golf courses. This is one of the most widely
known reuse systems in the world. The system has
been in operation since 1977. An average of about
17.7 mgd of reclaimed water was reused in 2003 to
irrigate the spring training grounds of a major
league baseball team, and in cooling towers at
the Tropicana Dome.
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Reclaimed Water
Reedy Creek Utilities -- This utility provides
reclaimed water for irrigation of landscaped
areas within the Walt Disney World Resort
Complex.
Tallahassee Spray Irrigation System -- Floridas
capital city irrigates over 2,200 acres with
reclaimed water. Corn, soybeans, coastal Bermuda
grass, and other feed and fodder crops are grown.
Orlando Wetlands -- Orlando created a 1,640-acre
wetlands system using reclaimed water from the
Iron Bridge advanced wastewater treatment
facility.
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Reclaimed Water
Gainesville -- The City makes extensive use of
reclaimed water from the 10-mgd Kanapaha
treatment facility. In the Southwest Reuse
Project, Approximately 2.2 mgd of reclaimed water
is used to irrigate residential lawns, golf
courses, parks, and other landscaped areas.
Reclaimed water is used for irrigation and in
water features at the Kanapaha Botanical Gardens.
In addition, reclaimed water meeting drinking
water standards recharges the Floridan Aquifer
via deep wells. 7.9 mgd of reclaimed water is
used to recharge the ground water.
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Redistribution?
St. Johns water withdrawal permit approved
Northeast Florida's last-ditch effort to stop
plan fails on 5-4 vote
The decision allows Seminole Countys utility
system to take up to 5.5 million gallons daily
for drinking water and lawn watering.
Florida water managers are considering tapping
rivers and lakes to quench the thirst of a
growing populace. A plan to pipe water from the
Ocklawaha and St. Johns rivers and other water
bodies to Central Florida communities is moving
forward. The project could cost as much as 1.2
billion and pipe up to 262 million gallons a day
to three dozen utilities including those serving
Leesburg, Orlando and The Villages.
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Next Floridas Aquifers