Napoleon

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Napoleon
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Background
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• Born on Aug. 15, 1769on the island of Corsica
• January 1785, 16, received a commission in the
  French Army, as a second lieutenant of artillery.
  
• promoted to first lieutenant in 1791
• captain in 1792.

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• he had joined the Jacobins.
• Napoleon was named brigadier general at the age
  of 24 (1793) for defeating the British
• In 1795, mobs attacked National Convention.
• Napoleon suppressed them and was hailed as a hero
  
• promoted to major general.

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Rise To Power
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Victories in Italy.
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• NAPOLEONS Army in Italy
• By 1796, Austria had become France's chief enemy.
  
• Napoleon left Paris to take command of a French
  army on the Italian-French border--an underfed,
  ill-equipped force of about 38,000 men.
• The Directory hoped that he could tie up
  Austrian forces in Italy while larger French
  armies won the war by marching through Germany
  and attacking Vienna, Austria's capital.

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• Instead, Napoleon won the war.
• In less than a year, he defeated four armies,
  each larger than his own.
• In October, 1797 France and Austria signed a
  treaty, which enlarged France's territory.

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Military Strategy
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• start a battle while holding back as large a
  reserve as possible
• seek the weakest point in the enemy's lines and
  throw all his strength against that point at the
  decisive moment.

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Egypt invaded
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• he concentrated on strengthening his military
  reputation.
• he proposed that he invade Egypt to destroy
  British trade with the Middle East.
• Directory agreed to the plan. In May 1798,
  Napoleon sailed for Egypt with about 38,000 men.
  

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• Ended up to be quite a mess
• France was first defeated by British
• Turks formed an alliance with Britain and Russia
• Turks invaded Egypt but were defeated by Napoleon
• Alliance between Britain, Russia, and Austria
  was being formed against France
  

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What should he do???
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The First Consul of France
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• Napoleon formed key political alliances
• seized control of the French government on Nov.
  9, 1799,
• Coup d'Etat of Eighteenth Brumaire.

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• A new constitution approved by the French people
• replaced the Directory with a three-member
  Consulate.
• Napoleon first consul.
• other two consuls served as advisers to Napoleon.
  

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• After 10 years of revolution and civil disorder,
  the French wanted a strong leader.
• Napoleon Dictator.

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Peacekeeping
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• June, 1800, army defeated the Austrians British
  agreed to peace in 1802.
• Russia dropped out of the coalition against
  France in 1799.
• For the first time in 10 years, Europe was at
  peace.

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Administrator and Lawmaker
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• Napoleonic Code still forms the basis of French
  civil law
• a compromise between the customary law and the
  Roman law
• Made up of ideas of the French Revolution and
  older ideas.
• centralized France's government

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The Napoleonic Era
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French Aggression
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• In 1800, Napoleon forced Spain to cede to France
  the Louisiana Territory in North America.
• By 1803, France had taken part of northwestern
  Italy
• Napoleon had become president of the Italian
  Republic

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• Napoleon had tried to stop British trade with the
  rest of Europe.
• Anticipated war with Britain and in 1803 sold the
  Louisiana Territory to the United States
• War with Britain began later that year.

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Crowned Emperor
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• In 1802, the French people had approved a
  constitutional amendment that made Napoleon first
  consul for life.
• In May 1804, the French Senate and people voted
  him their emperor.
• Napoleon crowned himself emperor on December 2

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Dominates Europe
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• By 1805, Austria, Russia, and Sweden had joined
  Britain in a new coalition against France.
• In September 1805, Napoleon led his troops into
  Germany.
• In October, he captured an Austrian army at Ulm.

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• In December, he demolished the Austrian and
  Russian armies at Austerlitz.

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• In June 1807, Napoleon demolished Russian armies.
  
• In 1809, he defeated the Austrians again

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• 1806-set up the Confederation of the Rhine
• made up of western German states under his
  protection.
• carved provinces of Germany and Italy and gave
  pieces to friends and relatives.

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• In 1810, he brought his empire to its height by
  annexing Holland and much of Germany.

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• December, 1809, he divorced Josephine to marry a
  younger woman.
• In April 1810, he married an 18-year-old
• In 1811, had a son, also named Napoleon

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Fall From Power
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• 1806 - attempted to destroy British trade in
  Europe by banning them from French ports/
• 1807 - Milan Decree, to prevent the ships of
  neutral nations from carrying British goods to
  continental Europe.
• Continental System

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• 1807, the French gained control of Portugal and
  occupied parts of Spain.
• 1808, French forces seized control of Madrid
• Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII from Spanish
  throne and appointed his brother king of Spain.

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• The Peninsular War began in 1808 when Spanish and
  Portuguese forces rebelled against French rule.
• France lost badly!!!

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Disaster in Russia
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• Dec. 31, 1810, Czar Alexander I of Russia
  withdrew from the Continental System.
• Napoleon attack Russia.
• Napoleon pushed on to Moscow only to find the
  city nearly empty of people.
• Much of the city were destroyed by fires that
  were set by the Russians.

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• Stuck in Moscow during winter
• unable to supply his troops, began the long
  retreat from Moscow.
• 600,000 men 500,000 died, deserted, or were
  captured.

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The Enemy Alliance
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• Napoleon faced a hostile alliance of Austria,
  Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden. April
  1813, Napoleon arrived in Germany with a new army
  and took the offensive against the allies. In
  October, the two sides fought in the Battle of
  the Nations.

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• Napoleon was defeated, and he retreated into
  France. The allies pursued him and captured
  Paris in March 1814.

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Exile to Elba
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• April 11, 1814, Napoleon gave up the imperial
  throne.
• The allies called for the return of a king of the
  Bourbon family and placed Louis XVIII, the
  brother of Louis XVI, on the throne
• Napoleon was exiled from France

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• Napoleon returns to Paris and takes control from
  Louis XVIII.

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The Hundred Days and Waterloo
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• On June 18, Napoleon attacked the British at
  Waterloo.
• Badly outnumbered, the French army suffered a
  crushing defeat.
• Napoleon fled to Paris and abdicated for the
  second time, on June 22.

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• The period from Napoleon's return to Paris from
  Elba to his second abdication is known as the
  Hundred Days.

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• Napoleon was sent to the barren British island of
  St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• He died of cancer on May 5, 1821, and was buried
  on the island.