Two Past Tenses: The Imperfect Tense

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Two Past TensesThe Imperfect Tense The
Perfect Tense
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The Present

• Everything we have done so far in Latin has been
  in the present tense.
• In other words, we are only talking about what is
  happening right now.

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The formula present

• To make the present tense, take the present stem
  and and the endings.
• The present stem is the 2nd principle part minus
  the final -re

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Examples of Present Stems

• Amare ama-
• Monere mone-
• Regere reg(e)-
• Audire audi-

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (1st conj.)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (2nd conj)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (3rd conj.)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (3rd -io conj)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (4th conj.)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (irregular sum)

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The Present

• Of course you remember the present goes like
  this (irregular to go)

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Now for the imperfect!
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What is the imperfect?

• The imperfect shows incompleted or ongoing action
  in the past.
• It is often (but not always) translated using the
  was -----ing formula in English.

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How do you make the imperfect in Latin?

• The sign for the imperfect in Latin is -ba-
• Take the present stem, add -ba-, and then add the
  personal endings.

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The Imperfect

• Amo, amare (1st conj.)

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The Imperfect

• Moneo, monere (2nd conj.)

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The Imperfect

• Rego, regere (3rd conj.)

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The Imperfect

• Facio, facere (3rd -io conj.)

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The Imperfect

• audio, audere (4th conj.)

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The Imperfect

• Sum, esse (irreg.)

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The Imperfect

• Also possum, posse (irreg.)

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The Imperfect

• Eo, ire (irreg., but actually reg.)

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Now for the perfect!
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What is the perfect?

• The perfect shows completed or one-time action in
  the past.
• It is often (but not always) translated using the
  simple past -----ed formula in English.

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How do you make the perfect in Latin?

• Im glad you asked--nothing could be easier!
• Take the perfect stem, and add the perfect
  endings

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How do I find the Perfect Stem?

• Find the 3rd (yes, third) principle part
• The 3rd part is the 1st person perfect
• Subtract the -i from the end, and viola! you have
  the perfect stem

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Examples of Perfect Stems

• Amo, amare, amavi amav-
• Do, dare, dedi ded-
• Moneo, monere, monui monu-
• Rego, regere, rexi rex-
• Audio, audire. audivi audiv-

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What is the Perfect Stem of?

• Mitto, mittere, misi ?????

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What is the Perfect Stem of?

• Mitto, mittere, misi mis-
• Good Job!!!

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How do I learn the perfect stems?

• For the most part, they just have to be
  memorized.
• There is, however, some regularity in the 1st,
  2nd, and 4th conjugations.

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First Conjugation Perfects

• Most, but not all, first conjugation verbs follow
  the pattern
• Amo, amare, amavi
• Ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi
• Pugno, pugnare, pugnavi
• Etc.

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Second Conjugation Verbs

• Many, but by no means all, 2nd conjugation verbs
  follow the pattern
• Moneo, monere, monui
• Teneo, tenere, tenui

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Fourth Conjugation Verbs

• Many, but by no means all, 4th conjugation verbs
  follow the pattern
• Audio, audire, audivi

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Congratulations!

• You are now ready to travel in time.