UAV Technologies

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UAV Technologies -

• Their impact on Society ?

J. Chandrasekhar
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Evolution Inter-relation
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Electronics (1875 1913)
Fessendens Heterodyne Principle - 1906
Alexander Bells Telephone - 1876
DeForests Triode Radio - 1906
Flemings Valve - 1904
The Earliest Commercial Radio
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Electronics (after World War-I)
ENIAC - 1946
Birth of the modern radio
The First Magnetron - 1939
Baird has a go at Television - 1923
The Earliest Radar Installation
The Birth of Computers
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Electronics (after World War II)
Intels 4004 microprocessor
Packaged Components
The first IC - 1959
Microelectronics takes over
Transistor is born - 1947
The first Hand-held Calculator
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Electronics Today
Communications
Communications
Computing
Computing
Entertainment
Entertainment
Robotics
Robotics
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Control
Control
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Impact of Electronics Today
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Control Theory

• 1890s Lyapunov stability theory
• 1910s PID controllers
• 1920s Electronic pneumatic feedback
  amplifiers
• 1930s Nyquist and Bode plots
• 1950s Bellman (dynamic programming), Pontryagin
  (maximum principle) on optimal control
• 1960s Modern control theory, Kalman filter
• 1970s Adaptive control
• 1980s Robust control
• 1990s Hybrid control
• 2000 Autonomous control

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Control Theory
Y(s)
R(s)
R(s)
R(s)
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Evolution of AFCS

• The earliest (1891) Hiram Maxims flying
  machine
• 130-kg servo drive with automatic feedback for
  long. stability
• 1910 Dr. Elmer and Lawrence Sperry
• All electric, two-axis automatic pilot

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Evolution of AFCS

• 1933 Sperry A2 autopilot
• Three axis control with proportional hydraulic
  servos
• First fitted on Lockheed Vega 5-C
• Round-the-world flying record of 7 days, 18 hours
• Automatic pilot allowed Wiley Post to fly his
  Winnie Mae alone
• 1947 USAF C-54 Robert F. Lee
• Completely automatic transatlantic flight
• Equipped with a Sperry autopilot and a program
  stored on punched cards

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FBW Active Control

• Ability to fly with minimal stability margins
• Stealth, aerodynamic efficiency
• Higher agility
• Reduction in weight, cost, complexity
• No bulky mechanical linkages
• Integration of auto-stabilization
• Carefree maneuvering

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AFCS New Horizons
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UAV - Timeline

• Primitive UAV were used for combat and
  surveillance as early as the 19th century
• World War I first tests of pilotless aircraft
  in combat roles
• World War II the Nazi V-1 bomber

V-1 1944 Nazi bomber programmed to fly 150
miles before dropping a 2000 lb warhead, caused
severe destruction over Britain
Perleys Aerial Bomber 1863 Developed and used
during the American Civil War
Sperry Aerial Torpedo 1917 U.S. Navy aircraft
fitted with Sperrys automatic stabilizer and
converted to radio controlled bomber
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UAV Timeline

• 60s and 70s stealth surveillance UAV
• 80s regular military use for surveillance,
  decoy and commint

AQM 34 Ryan Firebee 1964 Over a 1,000
surveillance missions for the U.S. Air Force
during the Vietnam War
Pioneer 1980s Israeli built UAV that flew over
500 sorties during the Gulf War and later in
Bosnia.
Scout 1978 Israel famously used a fleet of
Scouts to search out Syrian missile sites and
entice the Syrians to activate their radars.
These allowed Israeli bombers to swoop in and
destroy all but two Syrian missile sites (17 in
all), allowing them to fly unchallenged in the
skies.
Lockheed D-21 1965 The fastest UAV ever (Mach
4), had a range of 3,000 miles and operated at
80,000 feet
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UAV Today
Northrop-Grumman RQ- 4 Global Hawk Third of
DARPA dream team surveillance UAV, expected to
perform missions autonomously
Aerovironment Pathfinder Solar-powered research
aircraft intended for environment monitoring,
tested at 67,350 feet

• Permanent and critical positions in military
  arsenals all over the world
• Peaceful roles environment monitoring,
  communication systems

General Atomics RQ-1 Predator Designed for 14 -16
hours of surveillance via HDTV, IR cameras and
SAR was also tested with ability to fire
antitank missiles
Lockheed-Martin/Boeing Darkstar Stealth
surveillance aircraft, expected to fly undetected
at 45,000 feet
Helios Solar-powered UAV, aimed at continuous
flight at 50- to 70,000 feet
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UAV Applications

• Target training
• Decoy
• Reconnaissance
• Combat
• HALE

ADM-20 Quail Decoy 1950s Four Quails were
carried on B-52 bombers to help penetrate
defended airspace
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Autonomous UAV
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Miniature UAV

• Low-cost, man-portable aircraft
• High degree of autonomy
• Teams of MAV may help urban combat and
  counter-terrorist operations
• Pilots survival kit communication with search
  and rescue units

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Miniature UAV in India
IIT Kanpur
NAL, Bangalore
MAV at CASDE, IIT Bombay
CASDE, IIT Bombay
IISc, Bangalore
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Autonomous Systems - Features

• Asynchronous Event Handling
• Programmability
• Reactivity
• Adaptability
• Extensibility

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Control Theory Autonomous Systems

• Motion planning and optimization
• Mission Management
• Decision-making and AI
• Distributed control of groups of vehicles

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Autonomous UAV
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Existing Aircraft Electronics
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Avionics Autonomy

• Flight Control Systems
• Stability augmentation
• FBW flight control
• Navigation Guidance
• A/c state and external world sensors
• Task Automation Systems
• Aimed at minimizing pilot workload
• Manage and automate as many tasks as possible to
  make pilots role only supervisory

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B747 video
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Autonomy Definition

• Ability to observe, orient, decide, and act in an
  environment without outside (human) assistance
• Autonomous Vehicles derive all information
  about environment from on-board sensors
• Ideally, no communication to or from the
  infrastructure or other vehicles
• Can see, but cannot talk or listen to others

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Why Autonomy

• Communication constraints
• Limited bandwidth, stealth requirements,
  unavailability of comm. channels
• Operator workload constraints
• Faster response times
• Intelligent transportation systems

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Task Automation Systems

• Navigation Management
• Acquisition and processing data from all
  navigational sources to provide best estimates
• Steering commands for the autopilot so that the
  a/c automatically follows planned navigation
  routes
• Autopilot
• Height hold, heading hold
• Automatic terrain following or avoidance
• Flight Management
• Flight planning
• Control of flight path and vertical flight
  profile
• 4-D Navigation
• Flight envelope monitoring
• Minimizing fuel consumption