XRAYS

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X-RAYS

• By Moi
• Natascha Verkaik

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Introduction!

• I am doing my topic on X-rays, You will see
• Who invented the first X-ray
• First recorded use of the technique.
• How is works
• Explanatory of an X-ray machine
• Why we use X-rays and what problems there are.
• The dangers of X-rays
• Current applications of this technique.
• Pictures produced by the technique.
• Future Directions of this technique.
• My opinion on the usefulness and contribution to
  medical science and mankind in general of the
  technique.

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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

• Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923), a German
  physicist, received the first Nobel Prize for
  physics (1901) for his discovery of X rays.
  Wilhelm had worked in many of Germans
  universities such as Hohenheim (1875), Strabburg
  (1876-79), Gieben (1879-88), Wurzburg (1888-1900)
  und Munich (1900-20).
• Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen researched on specific
  things such as heats of gases, absorption of heat
  by gases, capillary action of fluids, elasticity,
  conduction of heat in crystals and
  piezoelectricity. While Roentgen was
  experimenting with cathode-ray tubes on November
  8, 1895 Roentgen observed a new kind of ray, this
  ray travelled through paper, wood and aluminium
  and Roentgen called it X-rays or X- radiation,
  Which through time was known by Roentgen
  radiation.

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The first X-rays

• This is a picture of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen's
  wife's hand. When Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen first
  observed and documented X-rays in 1895 by
  accident when he was experimenting with vacuum
  tubes. One week later he took a photo of his
  wifes hand and this X-ray was shown in the
  general public and created great interest in the
  new form of radiation.
• When wavelengths decrease in light, they increase
  in energy. X-rays have a higher energy than
  ultraviolet waves and this is because x-rays have
  a smaller wavelength. X-rays are known for their
  energy rather than their wavelength and this is
  because x-rays tend to act like a particle and
  not a wavelength. The have detectors which
  collect photons of x-ray light. Photons are very
  different from the radio telescopes and they have
  larger dishes which focus on radio waves.

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How it all works!

• An x-ray machine is very simple, X-ray machines
  are used in doctors or dentists officers. Inside
  the machine is an x-ray tube with an electron gun
  inside the tube. This tube shoots out high energy
  electrons at a target made out of heavy atoms
  such as tungsten. X-rays can be seen Inside an
  X-ray machine is an electrode paira cathode and
  an anode that sits in the middle or in the heart
  of the machine, this sits inside a glass vacuum
  tube. The cathode is a heated filament this is
  usually found in an older type fluorescent lamp.
  The x-ray machine then passes current through the
  filament and its heats it up. The heat passes
  electrons off of the filament surface. The anode
  is positively charged, it is a flat disc made of
  tungsten which draws the electrons across the
  tube.

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Are X-Rays Bad For You??

• X-rays are pretty safe if you know what you are
  doing, and if you dont have too many! But they
  can be harmful to the human body. Back in the
  days when not a whole lot was known about X-rays,
  doctors would expose patients and themselves to
  the beams for long periods of time. This however
  was extremely dangerous! Both patients and
  doctors started to develop what we call radiation
  sickness, the medical community new something was
  wrong.
• Unfortunately ionizing radiation is a form of
  X-rays so when a normal light beam hits an atom,
  it can not change the atom. But when an X-ray
  beam bumps an electron off of the atom and
  creates an ion (an electrically-charges atom).
  The electrons that have just been bumped then hit
  other atoms and create more ions and so fourth.

(above is an X-ray detector it is called the
Proportional Counter Array.)
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Why X-rays? What Problems are there?

• Ions are electrically charges and this can lead
  to unnatural chemical reactions inside cells.
  When this happens, the charge can break DNA
  chains, and this is not good! If a DNA strand has
  been broken it can die or either develops a
  mutation, if a lot cells die the human body is
  more prone to develop various diseases. If indeed
  it last the DNA mutates and the cell may become
  cancerous, and this cancer may spread, and most
  likely will. If the mutation or cancer is inside
  a egg or sperm cell, it might lead to birth
  defects and because of these problems and risks
  doctors use X-ray sparingly. X-rays are still
  today a much better option, even if there are
  downsides. In stead of going into surgery to see
  what is wrong with you back, lungs, ribs, ect we
  look at the bodies internal organs externally,
  and it doesnt leave patients with scares. X-rays
  are one of the most useful invention in the world
  and probably will be for a long time to come. And
  as they improve the quality of the pictures and
  machines, X-radiations are becoming much safer
  tool to use.

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Diagnostic Capability.
X-rays are use to determine what is wrong with a
patient. They are used externally to look
internally in stead of going into surgery to see
what is wrong with organ/s or bone/s. By using
X-rays we can see the problems without leavings
patients with scares. Current applications of
the technique X-rays have really contributed to
this world are all for the better. X-rays are
used in numerous occasions such as, in Dentist
Clinics, Hospitals and Vet clinics. X-rays are
also being used in research involving quantum
mechanics theory, crystallography and cosmology.
X-ray scanners are often used to detect minute
flaws in heavy metal equipment and of course in
airport security. As time goes by, X-rays will
become less and less used due to the use of a new
and improved scan such as CAT scans ut that wont
be for a while yet!
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X-ray Pictures!
Busted radius and ulnar stylus.
Dislocated hip.
A bad landing onto large rocks during a midnight
jump was the cause of this foot fracture. The
jumper suffered a broken foot, surgery, cast,
crutches, and a slightly damaged ego. The jumper
is leaping again, but limping away from each
landing. Lol!
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More lovely pictures ?
Someone's foot has become detached from the end
of his leg...it's hanging at 90 degrees.
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Future Direction of this technique?

• As the years go by, X-rays improve in quality of
  the pictures and the cost of them will most
  likely become cheaper. In the future X-rays will
  need to increase sensitivity and higher spatial
  and spectral resolution. The world demands more.
  Better quality and in stead of one picture shown
  by an X-ray, CT or cat scans are becoming the
  popular choice to show the bone structure. And
  instead of a flat picture CT or cat scans show a
  3D picture. Though X-rays will still be here for
  a while, the more expensive CT scans will always
  be in the market, but wont completely take over.

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My opinion.?
A broken leg

X-rays are truly amazing! They have treated
hundred of thousands of people through out the
world and Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen is a genius!
To be able to see what the human body contains
without opening a person up is really great.
Hopefully they will become less expensive as well
as CT scans so that more and more people who
dont earn a good salary can take care of their
bodies and their health. X-rays have contributed
so much to this world that if Roentgen had of
invented them in this day and age, he would be a
billionaire! Since the discovery of the X-ray
more inventions have followed such as CAT scans,
PET scans and so fourth. I think that it is great
that scientist have learnt and improved their
skills and helped the world with their inventions
to help the sick and injured and cured diseases.
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Have a lovely day
?