World War II

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World War II
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Appeasement

• The western powers adopted a policy of
  appeasement, giving in to the demands of an
  aggressor in hope of keeping the peace.
• They wanted to prevent war at all costs
• The United States passed the Neutrality Acts
• No sale of arms to warring countries
• No loans to warring countries
• Americans cannot travel on ships of warring
  powers

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Hitler sees an opening

• Germany, Italy and Japan (with Emperor Hirohito
  form the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These will
  become the Axis powers.

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German Aggression
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Hitler wanted to have all German-speaking people
be part of his empire. In 1938, Hitler used
force to unite Austria and Germany in the
Anschluss. The western democracies took no
action. The western powers are not willing to
go to war to save it. British and French leaders
again chose appeasement and let Hitler have it.

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Aggression in Europe to 1939
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War is declared

• Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
  with Stalin so he can get to Poland.
• Pact said not to fight if the other went to war
  and to divide up Poland and other parts of
  Eastern Europe.
• German forces invaded Poland.
• Britain and France immediately declared war on
  Germany.

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Aggression in Europe to 1939
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Hitlers strategy

• Blitzkrieg-lightning war
• Bomb airfields, factories, towns and cities, fire
  on troops and civilians and then send in troops
  and tanks.

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Early Axis Gains
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By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies
controlled most of Western Europe.
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Phony War

• Phony War- Time when there was no fighting during
  the winter of 1939-40.
• Fighting explodes in April 1940.

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Miracle of Dunkirk

• German forces had the British army trapped in
  France between the Nazis and the ocean.
• Britain sent in all available ships and rescued
  the British troops on the beach.
• 300,000 were rescued
• German forces head to Paris with Italy coming
  from the south
• France falls and surrenders

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New Technology

• Better
• Planes
• Medicine
• Submarines
• Ships-destroyers and carriers
• Jet engines
• Bombs and artillery
• Radar and Sonar developed to
• detect planes and submarines

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The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
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THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
OPERATION BARBAROSSA

• In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa,
  the conquest of the Soviet Union.
• The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were
  stalled before they could take Moscow and
  Leningrad.
• Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in
  Russias winter.
• Russians also suffered appalling hardships.
• Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in
  Western Europe.

• In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the
  invasion of Britain.
• The Germans first bombed military targets, then
  changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of
  London and other cities.
• London did not break under the blitz. The bombing
  only strengthened British resolve to turn back
  the enemy.
• Operation Sea Lion was a failure.

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Growing American Involvement
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When the war began in 1939, the United States
declared its neutrality. Congress passed the
Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to
supply arms to those who were fighting for
democracy. Japan advanced into French Indochina
and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese
aggression, the United States banned the sale of
war materials to Japan.
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Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor

• Because of the United States trade embargoes
  Japan sees no option but attack.
• General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the
  American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese planes destroy or damage 19
  ships, many planes, and kill over 2400 people.
• It was a day that will live in infamy.
• Dec. 8, 1941, President Roosevelt asks for
  declaration of war.
• Germany and Italy as allies of Japan declare war
  on the US Dec. 11.
• In the beginning its not looking good for the
  Allies

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Holocaust

• German leaders worked to accomplish the final
  solution of the Jewish problem the genocide,
  or deliberate murder, of all European Jews.
• This genocide became known as the Holocaust
• Jews, political prisoners, and other undesirables
  were sent to labor camps to starve and work to
  death or sent to death camps to be exterminated.
• About 6 million Jews died

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Allies

• Allies England, Russia, United States, France

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Turning Points
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During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several
victories that would turn the tide of battle and
push back the Axis powers.
EL ALAMEIN
INVASION OF ITALY
The British stopped Rommels advance and drove
the Axis forces back across Libya into
Tunisia. (late 1942)
From North Africa, the Allies invaded Italy. The
invasion weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight
on another front. (mid-1943)
STALINGRAD
D-Day Operation Overlord
The Allies opened a second front in Europe with
the invasion of France. They freed France and
were then able to focus on defeating Germany and
Japan. (June 6, 1944)
The Red Army took the offensive and drove the
Germans out of the Soviet Union entirely.
Hitlers forces suffered irreplaceable losses of
troops and equipment. (late 1942)
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World War II in Europe and North Africa
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Victory in Europe

• Hitlers support in Germany was declining.
• Germany faced round-the-clock bombing.
• The Allies crossed the Rhine into western Germany
  while Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.
• Mussolini had been captured and executed.
• Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered
  on May 7, 1945.
• Victory in Europe May 8, 1945.

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Strategies in the Pacific
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• At first, the Japanese won an uninterrupted
  series of victories.
• The US lost the Philippines and 75,000 US POW's
  were forced to march 75 miles in the Bataan death
  march with little food, water or rest.
• Soon, however, the tide of the Pacific war began
  to turn.
• The US won victories at the Battle of Coral Sea
  and the Battle of Midway. Midway became the
  turning point for the war in the Pacific.
• They weakened Japan and stopped them from
  advancing.

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Island Hopping

• The United States began an island-hopping
  campaign. The goal of the campaign was to
  recapture some Japanese-held islands while
  bypassing others. The captured islands served as
  steppingstones to the next objective.
• In this way, American forces gradually moved
  north to Japan itself.

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World War II in the Pacific
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Defeat of Japan

• After victory in Europe, full attention was given
  to the Pacific.
• US was winning battles and destroying Japanese
  air force and navy but the Japanese kept
  fighting.
• Invasion vs. Bomb
• Estimated an invasion would cost 1 million
  casualties
• Japan had been using Kamikaze since 1944-pilots
  who undertook suicide missions.
• They would not surrender easily

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The atomic bomb

• Military leaders planned for an invasion while
  scientists developed an new bomb-the atomic bomb.
  
• The Manhattan project was the development of the
  atomic bomb
• President Truman (FDR died while in office) meets
  with advisers and decides to use the bomb instead
  of an invasion.
• They issued a warning to Japan to surrender or
  face utter and complete destruction.
• Japan ignores the deadline

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• August 6, 1945, US plane the Enola Gay drops an
  atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima.
• Four square miles flattened and over 70,000
  people killed instantly.
• August 8, Soviets declare war on Japan.
• August 9, a second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.
  Over 40,000 people die.
• August 10 the emperor of Japan forces the
  government to surrender
• The treaty is signed aboard the USS Missouri on
  September 2, 1945. The war is over.

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The Atomic Bomb
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• Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to
  the war. It also unleashed terrifying
  destruction.
• Why did President Truman use the bomb?
• Truman was convinced that Japan would not
  surrender without an invasion that would result
  in enormous losses of both American and Japanese
  lives.
• Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would
  impress the Soviet Union with American power.