Evolutionary Ecology

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Evolutionary Ecology
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Evolution

• Evolution simply means change and biological
  evolution can be defined as changes in any
  attribute of a population over time
• Evolutionary changes that lead to adaptation must
  involve a change in the frequency of individual
  genes in a population from generation to
  generation

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Parus caeruleus

• Adaptation process which leads to survival and
  reproduction of characteristics beneficial to an
  organism in a particular environment

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Charles Darwin Age 46
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Alfred Russel Wallace in his 70s
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Evolution by Natural Selection

• 1. Individuals in a population of a species are
  not identical.
• 2. At least some of this variation is heritable.
• 3. All populations have very high reproductive
  potential, but they seldom achieve it.
  Mortality and less than maximum reproductive rate
  keeps them from taking over the earth - e.g.
  oysters
• 4. Different individuals leave different numbers
  of descendents. - this is where idea of fitness
  comes in
• 5. The number of descendents an individual has,
  depends on the interaction between the
  characteristics of the individual and its
  environment.

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Two major points about natural selection

• 1. Variation among individuals arises due to
  chance mutations.
• 2. Individuals survive in today's environment
  because it is similar to their ancestors
  environment - adaptation is not planned or
  purposeful

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What is selected?
The individual is selected.
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Peppered Moth Biston betularia white and
melanistic forms on lichen covered and sooty trees
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Distribution of Peppered Moths in Britain

• Left map shows distribution in 1956, right map
  shows distribution in 1996 Dark part of circle
  shows proportion of dark form, light part of
  circle shows proportion of light form

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Life stages of Coho salmon top to bottom
Eggs, fry, oceanic Silverfish, Hooknose
male, and female
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Coat Color Mutation in Florida Beach Mouse
Peromyscus polionotus
Normal, dark mainland mouse on right
lighter mutated island beach mouse on left
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Coat Color Mutation in Florida Beach Mouse
Peromyscus polionotus
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Gene Flow in Walleye
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Walleye sampling sites
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Walleye relatedness tree
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Chimpanzee Hands And Feet
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Drought Cycles in Iran
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Phylogenetic Constraint Egg Size and Brood
Patch in Penguins
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Agrostis stolonifera
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Trinidad Guppies - Poecilia reticulata
Male and Female
Two males
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