Lab Objectives

1
Lab Objectives

• Use compound and dissecting microscopes (see
  appendix B, pg. 235)
• Identify basic characteristics of cells
• Identify certain organisms
• Place cells/organisms into one of the five
  Kingdoms
• Be able to use/calculate correction factors
• Learn differences between slide preps

2
Using Microscopes

• Be sure to read pages 3-4 in the lab manual and
  appendix B (pg 235)
• ALWAYS begin by examining specimens on the lowest
  power (shortest lens)
• Focus ? next highest power lens
• On 100x, use fine focus, and oil
• Be sure to wipe the lenses with the Kim wipes
  when youre done.

3
Doing the Lab Exercise

• Be sure to read the lab
• Essentially youll be comparing the appearance of
  organisms under two different slide treatments
• Pre-made prepared slides (stained)
• Wet mounts that youll make in class
• Then looking at unknown organisms and classifying
  them into kingdoms
• (Think about why you would want to use one
  microscope versus another why you would use a
  wet mount versus a staining preparation)

4
Looking at Cells

• Why do we Care?
• Identification
• Certain features are characteristic of certain
  kingdoms
• Assess relationships between organisms
• Some organisms have more cellular similarities
  than others
• Why?
• What does this tell us about their evolution?

5
The Five Kingdoms

• Monera Protista Fungi
  Plantae Animalia

6
Post-Lab

• Characteristics of organisms from the 5 Kingdoms
• Use pages 1-2 (there is a lot of important
  information here, the chart helps to organize it)
• What is meant by a defining characteristic ?

7
Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic

• Proks
• No organelles
• No nucleus
• Very Small (1-20 microns)

• Euks
• Organelles present
• Nucleus present
• Generally much larger (10-100 microns)

8
Unknowns

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

• Plantae (Elodea)
• Protista (Volvox)
• Animalia (Daphnia)
• Fungi (Rhizopus)
• Monera (Staphylococcus)

9
Unknown 2 Volvox (Protista)
10
Unknown 3 Daphnia (Animalia)
11
Unknown 4 Rhizopus (Fungi)
12
Unknown 5 Staphylococcus (Monera, i.e. bacteria)
13
Planaria
14
Euglena
15

• Anabaena (Plantae)

16
Post-Lab

• Correction factor
• Number of microns x (100/number on lens)
• 100 x ? number of microns x 1
• 40 x ? number of microns x 2.5
• 10 x ? number of microns x 10

17
12 Units
Lens is on 40 Xhow many microns?
18
Post-Lab

• Correction factor
• Number of microns x (100/number on lens)
• 100 x ? number of microns x 1
• 40 x ? number of microns x 2.5
• 10 x ? number of microns x 10
• How big is Spongebobs head?
• 12 x (100/40) 12 x 2.5 30 microns

19
More Post-lab

• You should be able to
• Identify organisms (pg 7)
• Know the differences between Proks and Euks
• Use both types of microscopes
• Compare contrast stained slides with wet-mounts

20
And yet still more post-lab

• When you Study the kingdoms, think in terms of
  defining characteristics (what might be necessary
  and sufficient to classify an organism into a
  given kingdom)
• AND when you might need more info in order to
  classify an organism

21
Still more Post-lab

• Which of the following organisms can you
  categorize?
• An organism that is 4 microns in width
• A organism that is Eukaryotic
• An organism that has chitin in its cell wall
• An organism that is single cellular

22
Terms to know

• Nucleus
• Histone
• Chitin
• Hyphae
• Autotrophic
• Heterotrophic
• Organelle
• Mycellium
• Cellulose

• Chlorophyll
• Plasma membrane
• Cell wall
• Peptidoglycan
• Pseudopodia
• Cilia
• Flagella
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes