Biology%20201

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Biology 201

• From atoms to genomes.

H
Cl-
10 weeks
H
2
Jeff Young, Plant Geneticistyoung_at_biol.wwu.edux3
638Office BI412
Office Hours MTW 300 - 400 PM by
appointment.
Arabidopsis thaliana Genome-based, molecular
study of plant physiology and environmental
responses.
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Registration

• The class is full, folks are waiting to get in,
• 52 student capacity,
• Sign the roster today!
• Those still wanting to get into the class, sign
  up after class.

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Lecture/Recitation Schedule

• Lecture MTWR, 2-3 PM, B234
• Lab R (9-12) or F, 1-4 PM, BI261
• laboratory is mandatory,
• no lab this week.

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TAs

• Graduate TA ?
• Undergraduate TAs
• Eric Olson,
• Emily Spitzer,
• Jeannie Gilbert.

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Class Business

• Bulletin Board outside of BI261,
• Graded exams and quizzes,
• etc.
• Lectures online,
• WWU Biology Home Page, Courses.

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• Biology
• by Cambell, et al., Fifth edition.
• Reading Assignments
• Unless amended in class, all reading
  assignments listed on the syllabus are required,
• Additional reading assignments may be made,
• You will be responsible for in class
  additions and changes made to the syllabus.

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Lab Manual

• No lab this week.
• Buy your lab manual ASAP,
• Thursday, 11 - 12, BI261,
• Friday, 1 - 2, BI261,

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Success is Easy

• Do the reading assignments before class,
• dont neglect the figures,
• Attend lectures,
• Listen to the lectures, look at the examples,
• dont copy every word from the PP slides.

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Evaluation of Coursework

• Three hourly exams (100 points each) 300
• Lecture Quizzes (10 points each) 50
• 6 quizzes, drop lowest score,
• No Make-Up!
• Laboratory grade 150
• Final lecture exam 150
• 600

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Extra Credit

• e-mail me a synopsis of a newspaper story
  concerning biology,
• 1 point each for up to 15 points (2.5 final
  grade),
• paper, date, byline, who, where, what and the
  significance,
• in English sentences,
• not an automatic point,
• must be well presented.

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Golden Age of Biology

• The last decade has seen an unprecedented
  accumulation of biological knowledge,
• With new technologies, the pace is accelerating.

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Human Genome Project

• Human Genome Project began in 1990,
• jointly funded by the National Institute of
  Health (NIH), and the Department of Energy (DOE),
• consortium of countries including USA, Japan,
  Great Britain and France have formed the Human
  Genome Organization (HUGO).

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Genome Project Goals

• Identify the 60,000 genes in human DNA,
• Determine the sequences of the 3 billion
  chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.

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Sequence Technologies

• human sequence is completed, requires polishing
  and annotation,
• many genomes have already been sequenced,
• bacteria,
• fly,
• worm,
• yeast,
• plants (some done),
• collect sequence data from the rest of the
  planet.

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Sequence Variation

• Develop technologies for rapid identification of
  DNA sequence variants,
• to identify genes for the roughly 4000
  genetically determined diseases,
• A new priority for the HGP is examining regions
  of natural variation that occur among genomes,
• between individuals,
• between groups of individuals (ethnic variations).

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Functional Genomics

• Efficient interpretation of the functions of
  human genes and other DNA sequences,
• assigning function to sequence.

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Comparative Genomics

• Obtain complete genomic sequences for many
  species,
• A first clue toward identifying and understanding
  the functions of human genes or other DNA regions
  is often obtained by studying their parallels in
  non-human genomes.

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Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

• Improve current databases,
• integrate current databases, standardize
  nomenclature,
• Develop new databases and better tools for data
  generation, capture and comprehensive functional
  studies.

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Ethical Legal and Social IssuesELSI

• 1. Privacy and fairness in the use and
  interpretation of genetic information.
• 2. The transfer of genetic knowledge from the
  research laboratory to clinical practices.
• 3. Issues of informed consent for participants
  in genetic research.
• 4. Public and professional education.

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Biology 201

• Goal to understand the chemical principles that
  underlie biological processes,
• the structure and function of biological
  molecules,
• the cellular basis for life,
• energy acquisition and cellular metabolism,
• storage, transfer and expression of genetic
  information,
• evolution, a unifying view of nature,
• BROAD SCIENCE PICTURE.

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Elements
Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, less
than 30 are required to sustain life on earth.
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Electron Configuration

• ...electron shells probable energy levels for
  electrons in any given atom,
• electrons in the outer shell are termed valence
  electrons,
• ...atoms with room for more electrons in its
  outer shell may react with other atoms.

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(No Transcript)
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Chemical Bonds

• Covalent Bonds Sharing of pairs of electrons
• Ionic Bonds Attraction of opposite charges
• Hydrogen Bonds Sharing of H atom
• van der Waals Interaction of electron clouds

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Covalent Bonds

• a chemical bond that arises from the sharing of
  electrons between two atoms. Usually a strong
  bond.

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Hydrogen Gas (H2)
Hydrogen Atoms
Electrons attracted by each others protons.
Covalently bonded hydrogen molecule H2.
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Methane (CH4)
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Multiple Covalent Bonds

• Single bonds are formed when a pair of electrons
  are shared,

• Double bonds are formed when two pair of
  electrons are shared,

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Unequal Sharing of Electrons

• electronegativity some atoms hold electrons
  more tightly than do other atoms,
• oxygen,
• nitrogen,
• polar covalent bonds a covalent bond in which
  the bonding pair of electrons is unevenly shared.
  

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Polar Molecules
? is the symbol used to denote charge differences.
(?-) delta negative, the electron rich end of
the molecule.
(?) delta positive, the electron poor end of
the molecule.
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Hydrogen Bond

• a chemical bond formed from the attraction
  between a slight positive charge on a covalently
  bonded hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom,
  usually oxygen or nitrogen,
• weak bonds, but of great importance in
  biological molecules.

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Hydrogen Bonds
?
?
?-
?-
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Ionic Bonds

• a chemical bond resulting from the attraction
  between positively and negatively charged atoms.
  Usually a strong bond.

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11Na 17Cl

• ion charged atom,
• cation positively charged atom (missing e-),
• anion negatively charged atom (extra e-).

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Ions and stuff...

• ionic compounds are called salts,
• some salts have unequal numbers of anions and
  cations,
• Mg Cl2, K3 PO4, etc.
• complex ions groups of covalently bonded atoms
  that carry an electric charge,
• NH4, SO22-, etc.

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Van der Waals Interactions

• weak attractions between molecules, or parts of
  molecules brought about by localized charge
  fluctuations.

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VDW (London Forces)
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Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

• when electrons are shared equally in a covalent
  bond, the bond is nonpolar,
• substances with nonpolar bonds are hydrophobic,
• when electrons are shared unevenly in a covalent
  bond, the bond is polar,
• substances with polar bonds are hydrophilic.

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Likes Attract, etc.

• Hydrophillic attracts Hydrophillic
• Hydrophobic attracts Hydrophobic
• Hydrophobic repels Hydrophillic

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For Tomorrow

• Read through pp. 46 as assigned in the syllabus.