Multicultural Orientations

1
Multicultural Orientations

• Independent (individualistic, agentic)
  emphasizes the highly developed self through
  distinct, autonomous, self-contained behaviors.
• Interdependent (collectivist, communal)
  emphasizes the self as part of a larger social
  network in which harmonious relationships are
  more important than self-expressions.

2
Gender Roles

• Roles expectations for how members in a
  particular group ought to behave
• Where do the roles come from?
• ...production of and access to goods and
  services
• reproduction concerns
• Infinite vs Limited resources

3
Social organizations

• Egalitarian (the Vanatinai) men and women have
  equal access to means of production and have
  equal opportunities for social roles
• Matriarchy Women control distribution of
  resources and hold most of the social power
• Patriarchy Males control distribution of
  resources and hold most of the social power

4
Patriarchal in USAare all males powerful and
privileged?

• What is masculinity?
• Collisions between Race-Subcultures and
  Gender-Dominant Cultures
• Latinos
• American Indians
• Asian Americans
• African Americans

5
Men can Hunt so what?
Tasks differentiated by gender in Rural Tibet
(Gielen, 1993)

• Usually done by women
• collecting dung
• collecting thistles
• collecting firewood

• Usually done by men
• herding yak
• lassoing horses
• loading yak and horses

6
Gender Identity

• Gender identity is the understanding that one is
  either male or female, and the incorporation of
  this understanding in to the concept of the self
• Gender is a social invention
• Gender acquisition is a nonconscious process
• Development of a gender lens

7

• Schema a cognitive structure a network of
  associations that organizes and guides an
  individuals perceptions
• When will a category become a schema?
• Gender Schema a schema organized around the
  dichotomy male/female
• schematic
• aschematic

8
Gender Schema Theory (S. Bem)

• socialization involves acquisition of a gender
  schema
• the schema influences information processing
• some individuals are more schematic than others
• Memory Studies
• Reaction Time Studies

9
Becoming Gendered Role of Mom and Dad

• Reactions
• Family Organization
• Emphasis on Gender Traits

10
Becoming Gendered Role of Labeling (Fagots
research)

• Lots of variation, but gender labeling typically
  emerges by 2 years old
• Can babies tell the difference?
• Habitation paradigm
• Children have an easier time labeling adults than
  other children
• Children raised in traditional homes learn to
  label sooner

11
Becoming Gendered Role of Sex-Segregation

• Emerges at approximately 3-4 years of age, after
  gender labels have been mastered
• Females earlier than males, but males become more
  stringent
• Play Groups
• Efforts by parents or teachers to de-segregate
  children rarely has lasting effects

12
Gendered Type Behavior in Play Groups

• rough and tumble play
• sizes of groups
• outdoor vs indoor
• competition vs collaboration
• activity vs interaction
• enabling vs constraining styles